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Zhai Z, Zhou Y, Korovich AG, Hall BA, Yoon HY, Yao Y, Zhang J, Bortner MJ, Roman M, Madsen LA, Edgar KJ. Synthesis and Characterization of Multi-Reducing-End Polysaccharides. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37262428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific modification is a great challenge for polysaccharide scientists. Chemo- and regioselective modification of polysaccharide chains can provide many useful natural-based materials and help us illuminate fundamental structure-property relationships of polysaccharide derivatives. The hemiacetal reducing end of a polysaccharide is in equilibrium with its ring-opened aldehyde form, making it the most uniquely reactive site on the polysaccharide molecule, ideal for regioselective decoration such as imine formation. However, all natural polysaccharides, whether they are branched or not, have only one reducing end per chain, which means that only one aldehyde-reactive substituent can be added. We introduce a new approach to selective functionalization of polysaccharides as an entrée to useful materials, appending multiple reducing ends to each polysaccharide molecule. Herein, we reduce the approach to practice using amide formation. Amine groups on monosaccharides such as glucosamine or galactosamine can react with carboxyl groups of polysaccharides, whether natural uronic acids like alginates, or derivatives with carboxyl-containing substituents such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or carboxymethyl dextran (CMD). Amide formation is assisted using the coupling agent 4-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-methylmorpholinium chloride (DMTMM). By linking the C2 amines of monosaccharides to polysaccharides in this way, a new class of polysaccharide derivatives possessing many reducing ends can be obtained. We refer to this class of derivatives as multi-reducing-end polysaccharides (MREPs). This new family of derivatives creates the potential for designing polysaccharide-based materials with many potential applications, including in hydrogels, block copolymers, prodrugs, and as reactive intermediates for other derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Zhai
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrew G Korovich
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Brady A Hall
- GlycoMIP, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hu Young Yoon
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Yimin Yao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Junchen Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michael J Bortner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Maren Roman
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Louis A Madsen
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kevin J Edgar
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Novel strategy for herbal species classification based on UPLC-HRMS oligosaccharide profiling. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 111:14-20. [PMID: 25828508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides, which exist widely in herbs, present diverse important pharmacological activities. However, the complexity of oligosaccharides seriously challenges their profiling, quality control, and elucidation of activity. In this paper, a novel oligosaccharide analytical method based on a new derivatization pretreatment and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) procedure was developed to rapidly profile and identify the oligosaccharides of Epimedium. Oligosaccharides are easily derivatized by 2,4-bis(diethylamino)-6-hydrazino-1,3,5-triazine under convenient and mild conditions. Without any further purification steps, oligosaccharides were analyzed by an established UPLC-HRMS/MS method with high sensitivity, good separation efficiency and speed. Benefitting from the derivatization, the oligosaccharides generated a response in the MS two orders of magnitude higher than that of the free oligosaccharide. Oligosaccharides of 52 Epimedium samples were profiled and identified based on the high-resolution mass spectral data. A total of 66 oligosaccharide compounds detected in 52 Epimedium herbs were relatively quantified and statistically processed by principal component analysis (PCA). The 52 Epimedium herbs could be classified into different species based on their oligosaccharide composition and content. Thirteen oligosaccharide compounds demonstrated potential as markers for Epimedium species classification, and their structures were preliminarily identified using MS/MS spectra.
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Wang Z, Chui WK, Ho PC. Design of a multifunctional PLGA nanoparticulate drug delivery system: evaluation of its physicochemical properties and anticancer activity to malignant cancer cells. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1162-71. [PMID: 19191012 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several individual approaches were combined to fabricate a novel nanoparticulate drug delivery system to achieve targeting and anticancer effects in various malignant cancer cells. METHODS Doxorubicin was conjugated to Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), which was formulated into nanoparticle via solvent-diffusion method. The surface of the nanoparticles was subsequently linked with Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide to realize both passive and active targeting functions. The multifunctional nanoparticles were then tested against several malignant cancer cell lines. RESULTS The conjugation increased loading efficiency of doxorubicin to PLGA nanoparticles (the encapsulation efficiency was over 85%) and alleviated the drug burst release effect substantially. The drug was released from the polymeric matrix in a sustained release manner over a period of 12 days. The resultant nanoparticles were spherically uniform and well-dispersed. The nanoparticle targeting ability was proven through strong affinity to various integrin-expressing cancer cells, and much less affinity to the low integrin expression cancer cells. The nanoparticles also showed high efficacy in inducing apoptosis in specific malignant cancer cell. CONCLUSION The developed multifunctional nanoparticles hold potential to treat malignant integrin-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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