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Bussy U, Chung-Davidson YW, Buchinger T, Li K, Smith SA, Jones AD, Li W. Metabolism of a sea lamprey pesticide by fish liver enzymes part A: identification and synthesis of TFM metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1749-1761. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McLeod MD, Waller CC, Esquivel A, Balcells G, Ventura R, Segura J, Pozo ÓJ. Constant Ion Loss Method for the Untargeted Detection of Bis-sulfate Metabolites. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1602-1609. [PMID: 27982580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The untargeted detection of phase II metabolites is a key issue for the study of drug metabolism in biological systems. Sensitive and selective mass spectrometric (MS) techniques coupled to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) systems are the most effective for this purpose. In this study, we evaluate different MS approaches with a triple quadrupole instrument for the untargeted detection of bis-sulfate metabolites. Bis-sulfates of 23 steroid metabolites were synthesized and their MS behavior was comprehensively studied. Bis-sulfates ionized preferentially as the dianion ([M - 2H]2-) with a small contribution of the monoanion ([M - H]-). Product ion spectra generated from the [M - 2H]2- precursor ions were dominated by the loss of HSO4- to generate two product ions, that is, the ion at m/z 97 (HSO4-) and the ion corresponding to the remaining monosulfate fragment. Other product ions were found to be specific for some structures. As an example, the loss of [CH3 + SO3]- was found to be important for several compounds with unsaturation adjacent to the sulfate. On the basis of the common behavior of the bis-sulfate metabolites two alternatives were evaluated for the untargeted detection of bis-sulfate metabolites (i) a precursor ion scan method using the ion at m/z 97 and (ii) a constant ion loss (CIL) method using the loss of HSO4-. Both methods allowed for the untargeted detection of the model compounds. Eight steroid bis-sulfates were synthesized in high purity in order to quantitatively evaluate the developed strategies. Lower limits of detection (2-20 ng/mL) were obtained using the CIL method. Additionally, the CIL method was found to be more specific in the detection of urinary bis-sulfates. The applicability of the CIL approach was demonstrated by determining progestogens altered during pregnancy and by detecting the bis-sulfate metabolites of tibolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Argitxu Esquivel
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Balcells
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
In nearly all cases of biological activity of sulfated GAGs, the sulfate group(s) are critical for interacting with target proteins. A growing paradigm is that appropriate small, sulfated, nonsaccharide GAG mimetics can be designed to either mimic or interfere with the biological functions of natural GAG sequences resulting in the discovery of either antagonist or agonist agents. A number of times these sulfated NSGMs can be computationally designed based on the parent GAG-protein interaction. The small sulfated NSGMs may possess considerable aromatic character so as to engineer hydrophobic, hydrogen-bonding, Coulombic or cation-pi forces in their interactions with target protein(s) resulting in higher specificity of action relative to parent GAGs. The sulfated NSGMs can be easily synthesized in one step from appropriate natural polyphenols through chemical sulfation under microwave-based conditions. We describe step-by-step procedures to perform microwave-based sulfation of several small polyphenol scaffolds so as to prepare homogenous NSGMs containing one to more than 10 sulfate groups per molecule in high yields.
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Waller CC, McLeod MD. A simple method for the small scale synthesis and solid-phase extraction purification of steroid sulfates. Steroids 2014; 92:74-80. [PMID: 25286236 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfates are a major class of steroid metabolite that are of growing importance in fields such as anti-doping analysis, the detection of residues in agricultural produce or medicine. Despite this, many steroid sulfate reference materials may have limited or no availability hampering the development of analytical methods. We report simple protocols for the rapid synthesis and purification of steroid sulfates that are suitable for adoption by analytical laboratories. Central to this approach is the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for purification, a technique routinely used for sample preparation in analytical laboratories around the world. The sulfate conjugates of sixteen steroid compounds encompassing a wide range of steroid substitution patterns and configurations are prepared, including the previously unreported sulfate conjugates of the designer steroids furazadrol (17β-hydroxyandrostan[2,3-d]isoxazole), isofurazadrol (17β-hydroxyandrostan[3,2-c]isoxazole) and trenazone (17β-hydroxyestra-4,9-dien-3-one). Structural characterization data, together with NMR and mass spectra are reported for all steroid sulfates, often for the first time. The scope of this approach for small scale synthesis is highlighted by the sulfation of 1μg of testosterone (17β-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one) as monitored by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Wang J, Wang Y, Wang T, Cui K, Wang L, Ji R. Synthesis and characterization of 14C-labelled sulfate conjugates of steroid oestrogens. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2014; 57:470-6. [PMID: 24912940 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Steroid oestrogens are typical endocrine-disrupting compounds in the environment and are excreted from the human and animals mainly as conjugates, including sulfate and glucuronide salts. The oestrogen conjugates are largely biologically inactive, but they can be de-conjugated and release free oestrogens, which usually exhibit strong oestrogenicity. Therefore, it is important to study the fate of oestrogen conjugates in the environment. However, because of the complexity of environmental matrixes, time-consuming pre-treatments of samples are usually required to reduce the interference of the matrixes. (14)C radioisotope can trace target substances and their degradation products at low concentrations in complex environmental samples and is therefore essential in such studies. We synthesized three oestrogen sulfates with (14)C-labelling at the ring, i.e. [3-(14)C]-estrone-3-sulfate ammonium salt, [3-(14)C]-17β-estradiol-17-sulfate ammonium salt, and [3-(14)C]-17β-estradiol-3,17-disulfate diammonium salt with radiochemical purities of >98% by sulfation of [3-(14)C]-labelled estrone and 17β-estradiol in dry pyridine with SO3 -triethylamine at room temperature or 90-95 °C, followed by hydrolysis with KOH-methanol solution and purification by preparative thin-layer chromatography on silica gel using an ammonia-containing eluent. The products were characterized by mass spectrometry and (13)C and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, using their corresponding non-labelled compounds. The (14)C-labelled oestrogen conjugates provide possibilities for studying their fate in soil and sediment environments as well as in the animal manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Lehmler HJ, He X, Li X, Duffel MW, Parkin S. Effective synthesis of sulfate metabolites of chlorinated phenols. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1965-71. [PMID: 23906814 PMCID: PMC3815985 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophenols are an important class of persistent environmental contaminants and have been implicated in a range of adverse health effects, including cancer. They are readily conjugated and excreted as the corresponding glucuronides and sulfates in the urine of humans and other species. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of ten chlorophenol sulfates by sulfation of the corresponding chlorophenols with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl (TCE) chlorosulfate using N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as base. Deprotection of the chlorophenol diesters with zinc powder/ammonium formate yielded the respective chlorophenol sulfate ammonium salts in good yield. The molecular structure of three TCE-protected chlorophenol sulfate diesters and one chlorophenol sulfate monoester were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The chlorophenol sulfates were stable for several months if stored at -20 °C and, thus, are useful for future toxicological, environmental and human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Correia-da-Silva M, Sousa E, Pinto MMM. Emerging sulfated flavonoids and other polyphenols as drugs: nature as an inspiration. Med Res Rev 2013; 34:223-79. [PMID: 23553315 DOI: 10.1002/med.21282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nature uses sulfation of endogenous and exogenous molecules mainly to avoid potential toxicity. The growing importance of natural sulfated molecules, as modulators of a number of physiological and pathological processes, has inspired the synthesis of non-natural sulfated scaffolds. Until the 1990s, the synthesis of sulfated small molecules was almost restricted to derivatives of flavonoids and aimed mainly at structure elucidation and plant biosynthesis studies. Currently, the synthesis of this type of compounds concerns structurally diverse scaffolds and is aimed at the development of potential drugs and/or exploitation of the biological effects of sulfated metabolites. Some important hit compounds are emerging from sulfated flavonoids and other polyphenols mainly as anticoagulant and antiviral agents. When compared with polymeric macromolecules such as heparins, sulfated small molecules could be of value in therapeutics due to their hydrophobic nature that can contribute to improve the bioavailability. This review highlights the synthetic approaches that were applied to obtain monosulfated or polysulfated phenolic small molecules and compiles the diverse biological activities already reported for this type of derivatives. Toxicity and pharmacokinetic parameters of this emerging class of derivatives will also be considered, emphasizing their value for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Centro de Química Medicinal da Universidade do Porto (CEQUIMED-UP), Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A. Al-Horani
- 800 E. Leigh Street, Suite 212, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- 800 E. Leigh Street, Suite 212, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23219
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Kakiyama G, Muto A, Shimada M, Mano N, Goto J, Hofmann AF, Iida T. Chemical synthesis of 3beta-sulfooxy-7beta-hydroxy-24-nor-5-cholenoic acid: an internal standard for mass spectrometric analysis of the abnormal delta5-bile acids occurring in Niemann-Pick disease. Steroids 2009; 74:766-72. [PMID: 19394355 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In Niemann-Pick disease, type C1, increased amounts of 3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-5-cholenoic acid are reported to be present in urinary bile acids. The compound occurs as a tri-conjugate, sulfated at C-3, N-acetylglucosamidated at C-7, and N-acylamidated with taurine or glycine at C-24. For sensitive LC-MS/MS analysis of this bile acid, a suitable internal standard is needed. We report here the synthesis of a satisfactory internal standard, 3beta-sulfooxy-7beta-hydroxy-24-nor-5-cholenoic acid (as the disodium salt). The key reactions involved were (1) the so-called "second order" Beckmann rearrangement (one-carbon degradation at C-24) of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) 3,6-diformate with sodium nitrite in a mixture of trifluoroacetic anhydride and trifluoroacetic acid, (2) simultaneous inversion at C-3 and elimination at C-6 of the ditosylate derivatives of the resulting 3alpha,6alpha-dihydroxy-24-nor-5beta-cholanoic acid with potassium acetate in aqueous N,N-dimethylformamide, and (3) regioselective sulfation at C-3 of an intermediary 3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-24-nor-Delta(5) derivative using sulfur trioxide-trimethylamine complex. Overall yield of the desired compound was 1.8% in 12 steps from HDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
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Ogawa S, Kakiyama G, Muto A, Hosoda A, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Hofmann AF, Iida T. A facile synthesis of C-24 and C-25 oxysterols by in situ generated ethyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane. Steroids 2009; 74:81-7. [PMID: 18996406 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were performed to compare the regioselective hydroxylation of the isopropyl C-H bond at C-25 in 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-yl acetate by in situ generated dimethyldioxirane, methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane, hexafluoro(dimethyl)dioxirane or ethyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (ETDO). The dioxiranes were generated from the corresponding ketones and potassium peroxymonosulfate in aq. NaHCO(3), pH 7.5-8.0. Of the four dioxiranes examined, partially fluorinated, sterically bulky ETDO displayed the highest reactivity and regioselectivity. Using in situ generated ETDO, a facile, synthesis was developed for two naturally occurring oxysterols, i.e., 25-hydroxycholesterol, as well as its 3-sulfate (overall yield of the sulfate, 24%) and 24-oxocholesterol (16%), starting from cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujiro Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
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Lu CP, Ren CT, Wu SH, Chu CY, Lo LC. Development of an Activity-Based Probe for Steroid Sulfatases. Chembiochem 2007; 8:2187-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ren S, Li X, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Gil G, Hylemon P, Pandak WM. Sulfated oxysterol, 25HC3S, is a potent regulator of lipid metabolism in human hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 360:802-8. [PMID: 17624300 PMCID: PMC2728003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3beta, 25-diol 3-sulfate (25HC3S) was identified in primary rat hepatocytes following overexpression of the cholesterol transport protein, StarD1. This oxysterol was also detected in human liver nuclei. In the present study, 25HC3S was chemically synthesized. Addition of 25HC3S (6 microM) to human hepatocytes markedly inhibited cholesterol biosynthesis. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that 25HC3S markedly decreased HMG-CoA reductase mRNA and protein levels. Coincidently, 25HC3S inhibited the activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs), suggesting that inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis occurred via blocking SREBP-1 activation, and subsequently by inhibiting the expression of HMG CoA reductase. 25HC3S also decreased SREBP-1 mRNA levels and inhibited the expression of target genes encoding acetyl CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC-1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). In contrast, 25-hydroxycholesterol increased SREBP1 and FAS mRNA levels in primary human hepatocytes. The results imply that 25HC3S is a potent regulator of SREBP mediated lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23249, USA.
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Song C, Hiipakka RA, Liao S. Auto-oxidized cholesterol sulfates are antagonistic ligands of liver X receptors: implications for the development and treatment of atherosclerosis. Steroids 2001; 66:473-9. [PMID: 11182136 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(00)00239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that are involved in regulation of cholesterol transport and metabolism. Expression of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and certain ATP-binding cassette transporters that are responsible for cholesterol efflux from cells is regulated by LXR and its ligands. In this report we show that 5alpha, 6alpha-epoxycholesterol-3-sulfate (ECHS) and 7-ketocholesterol-3-sulfate inhibit transactivation of a reporter gene by LXR. Non-sulfated forms of these compounds, as well as many other steroid sulfates, had no antagonistic activity. Using chimeric receptors, the antagonistic activity of ECHS was dependent on its interaction with the ligand-binding domain of LXR. ECHS disrupts recruitment of the co-activator Grip 1 into a complex with agonist-bound LXR and this may be responsible for the observed antagonistic properties of these compounds. In various cultured cells, these LXR antagonists also promote de novo cholesterol synthesis and apoptosis. 7-Ketocholesterol and 5alpha, 6alpha-epoxycholesterol are present in blood and have been found in atherosclerotic plaques. If sulfated forms of these oxidized sterols are also present, they may have an important role in foam cell formation by inhibiting LXR function. Since LXR agonists can counteract the activity of these antagonists, they may have therapeutic potential against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Song
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research, University of Chicago, MC 6027, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Abstract
Two preparative chemical methods for aromatization of 19-nor-delta 4-3-oxosteroids are described. The first method consists of an oxidative aromatization of 19-nor-delta 4-3-oxosteroids with iodine-ceric ammonium nitrate in methanol to give a mixture of 3-methoxy ring-A aromatized derivatives consisting of the desired product, the delta 9,11 derivative, the 6-oxo derivative as well as some ring-A iodinated material. Conversion of this material to a mixture of the 3-methoxy ring-A aromatized derivative and its 6-oxo derivative was achieved by catalytic hydrogenation. Finally, reduction of the 6-oxo function with triethylsilane in trifluoroacetic acid gave the 3-methoxy-17-trifluoroacetate ring-A aromatized derivative as a single product. In the second method, reaction of 19-nor-delta 4-3-oxosteroids with copper (II) bromide in acetonitrile at room temperature resulted in aromatic steroids in a single step in excellent yields. The second method was used in the first practical chemical synthesis of a 6-dehydroestrogen from a 19-nor-delta 4,6-3-oxosteroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Rao
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas 78228-0147
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Allevi P, Anastasia M, Ciuffreda P, Sanvito AM, Scala A. A simple one pot synthesis of aromatic steroidal and non-steroidal C-glucosides via O-glucosides. Chem Phys Lipids 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(92)90034-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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