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Li X, Leonori D, Sheikh NS, Coldham I. Synthesis of 1-Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Lithiation and Electrophilic Quenching Guided by In Situ IR and NMR Spectroscopy and Application to the Synthesis of Salsolidine, Carnegine and Laudanosine. Chemistry 2013; 19:7724-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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2
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E. Gawley R, K. Beng T. Catalytic Dynamic Resolution Applied to the Synthesis of 2,6-Disubstituted Piperidines: Preparation of (+)-Lupetidine and (–)-Epidihydropinidine. HETEROCYCLES 2012; 84:697-718. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-s(p)45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Beng TK, Gawley RE. Highly enantioselective catalytic dynamic resolution of N-Boc-2-lithiopiperidine: synthesis of (R)-(+)-N-Boc-pipecolic acid, (S)-(-)-coniine, (S)-(+)-pelletierine, (+)-beta-conhydrine, and (S)-(-)-ropivacaine and formal synthesis of (-)-lasubine II and (+)-cermizine C. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:12216-7. [PMID: 20806976 PMCID: PMC2945905 DOI: 10.1021/ja105772z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic dynamic resolution (CDR) of rac-2-lithio-N-Boc-piperidine using chiral ligand 8 or its diastereomer 9 in the presence of TMEDA has led to the highly enantioselective syntheses of both enantiomers of 2-substituted piperidines using a wide range of electrophiles. The CDR has been applied to the synthesis of (R)- and (S)-pipecolic acid derivatives, (+)-beta-conhydrine, (S)-(+)-pelletierine, and (S)-(-)-ropivacaine and the formal synthesis of (-)-lasubine II and (+)-cermizine C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Beng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Robert E. Gawley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
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Gawley RE. Overview of Carbanion Dynamics and Electrophilic Substitutions in Chiral Organolithium Compounds. TOPICS IN STEREOCHEMISTRY 2010; 26:93-133. [PMID: 21804654 PMCID: PMC3145419 DOI: 10.1002/9783906390628.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Gawley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701 USA
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Hoffmann RW, Kusche A. Chiral Organometallic Reagents, XI. Stereoselective Exchange of Diastereotopic Iodine Atoms by Magnesium in 3‐Alkoxy‐1,1‐diiodoalkanes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19941270721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Kusche
- Fachbereich Chemie der Universität Marburg, D‐35032 Marburg, Germany
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Klute W, Krüger M, Hoffmann RW. Chiral Organometallic Reagents, XX. An Enantiomerically Enriched (α‐Phenylselenoalkyl)magnesium Compound. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19961290607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Klute
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, D‐35302 Marburg
| | - Michael Krüger
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps‐Universität Marburg, D‐35302 Marburg
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Enantioselective Synthesis by Lithiation Adjacent to Oxygen and Electrophile Incorporation. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36117-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Marr F, Fröhlich R, Wibbeling B, Diedrich C, Hoppe D. The Synthesis and Configurational Stability of Enantioenriched α-Thioallyllithium Compounds and the Stereochemical Course of Their Electrophilic Substitution. European J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200209)2002:17<2970::aid-ejoc2970>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Stratmann O, Kaiser B, Fröhlich R, Meyer O, Hoppe D. The configurational stability of an enantioenriched alpha-thiobenzyllithium derivative and the stereochemical course of its electrophilic substitution reactions; synthesis of enantiomerically pure, tertiary benzylic thiols. Chemistry 2001; 7:423-35. [PMID: 11271529 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20010119)7:2<423::aid-chem423>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The lithium compound (S)-7, formed by deprotonation of the (S)-S-1-phenylethyl thiocarbamate (S)-10, is configurationally stable at -70 degrees C. Even at elevated temperatures it racemizes only very slowly. It represents the first essentially enantiopure alpha-thiocarbanion derivative and can be utilized in asymmetric synthesis. Most electrophiles (except proton acids) add to (S)-7 with complete stereoinversion. Cleavage of the substitution products leads to practically enantiopure, tertiary 1-phenylalkanethiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Stratmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
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Iula DM, Gawley RE. Synthesis and reactivity of dipole-stabilized but unchelated alpha-aminoorganolithiums. J Org Chem 2000; 65:6196-201. [PMID: 10987959 DOI: 10.1021/jo000786j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two N-methyl-5-lithio-2-pyrrolidinones have been prepared by tin-lithium exchange. These two alpha-aminoorganolithium compounds that are stabilized by an amide dipole, but not by chelation to the amide carbonyl. Both constitute test cases for comparing the stability and reactivity of "dipole-stabilized" and "unstabilized" alpha-aminoorganolithiums. We find that active methylene protons interfere with the reaction, so geminal disubstitution alpha to the amide carbonyl was necessary to suppress side reactions. These species do not react as efficiently as unstabilized alpha-aminoorganolithiums, or even as well as chelated dipole-stabilized alpha-aminoorganolithiums, toward typical electrophiles. The tin-lithium exchange to form these species was also not as facile as with other alpha-aminoorganostannanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Iula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, P.O. Box 249118, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA
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Gawley RE, Zhang Q, McPhail AT. 2-Lithio- N- BOC-thiazolidines as chiral acyl anion synthons: evaluation of facial stereoselectivity in the addition of chiral organolithiums to aldehydes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gawley RE, Low E, Zhang Q, Harris R. The Steric Course of SE2 Reactions of Unstabilized α-Aminoorganolithiums: Distinguishing between SET and Polar Mechanisms. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9923235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Gawley
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124-0431
| | - Eddy Low
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124-0431
| | - Qianhui Zhang
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124-0431
| | - Roy Harris
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124-0431
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Kise N, Urai T, Yoshida JI. Formation and reaction of 2-metalated N-Boc-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidines in the presence of (−)-sparteine: new chiral formyl anion equivalents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(98)00319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hoppe D, Hense T. Enantioselektive Synthese mit Lithium/(−)-Spartein-Carbanion-Paaren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19971092105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gawley RE, Zhang P. 1-Magnesiotetrahydroisoquinolyloxazolines as Chiral Nucleophiles in Stereoselective Additions to Aldehydes: Auxiliary Optimization, Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)-Corlumine, (+)-Bicuculline, (+)-Egenine, and (+)-Corytensine, and Preliminary (13)C NMR Studies of 1-Lithio- and 1-Magnesiotetrahydroisoquinolyloxazolines. J Org Chem 1996; 61:8103-8112. [PMID: 11667797 DOI: 10.1021/jo961164u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transmetalation of 1-lithiotetrahydroisoquinolyloxazolines with magnesium halides affords Grignard reagents that add to aldehydes with up to 80% selectivity for one of the four possible diastereomeric products. An oxazoline chiral auxiliary derived from camphor provides an optimal blend of diastereoselectivity and isomer separability. Synthetic applications of the optimal auxiliary, patterned after a literature approach in the racemic series, comprise an improved (formal) synthesis of bicuculline, egenine, and corytensine, as well as an efficient synthesis of corlumine. Preliminary NMR studies show that both 1-lithio- and 1-magnesiotetrahydroisoquinolyloxazolines are dynamic mixtures in THF solution at low temperatures. The barrier to pyramidal inversion of the secondary Grignard reagent is in the 9.8-10.1 kcal/mol range, while an upper limit of about 8.2 kcal/mol can be assigned to the barrier to the organolithium inversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Gawley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124-0431
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Tanko JM, Brammer LE. Utilization of 1,1-dimethyl-4,6-di-tert-butylspiro[2,5]octa-3,6-dien-5-one as a ‘hypersensitive’ probe for single electron transfer to carbonyl compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1039/c39940001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fukuzawa SI, Sakai S. Highly Regioselective Allylation of α-Enones and Epoxides with Lithium Tetraallyllanthanoid Ate Complex. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1992. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.65.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Boche G, Opel A, Marsch M, Harms K, Hallera F, Lohrenz JCW, Thümmler C, Koch W. α-Oxygen-Substituted Organolithium Compounds and Their Carbenoid Nature: Calculations of the Configurational Stability and of LiCH2OH Model Structures, Crystal Structure of Diphenyl(trimethylsilyloxy)methyllithium · 3 THF, and the Stereochemistry of the (Reverse) Brook Rearrangement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19921251015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Zhang P, Gawley RE. Second-generation auxiliary for the asymmetric addition of metalated tetrahydroisoquinolines to aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)79567-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Meyers A, Guiles J, Warmus JS, Gonzalez MA. Chiral lithio formamidines. Are they configurationally stable? Tetrahedron Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(91)80069-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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