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Schweizer M, Jauffrais T, Choquel C, Méléder V, Quinchard S, Geslin E. Trophic strategies of intertidal foraminifera explored with single‐cell microbiome metabarcoding and morphological methods: What is on the menu? Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9437. [PMCID: PMC9666909 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Magali Schweizer
- UMR 6112 LPG, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, Univ Angers, Nantes Université, Le Mans Université CNRS Angers France
| | - Thierry Jauffrais
- UMR 6112 LPG, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, Univ Angers, Nantes Université, Le Mans Université CNRS Angers France
- UMR 9220 ENTROPIE, Ifremer, IRD, Univ Nouvelle‐Calédonie, Univ La Réunion CNRS Noumea New Caledonia
| | - Constance Choquel
- UMR 6112 LPG, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, Univ Angers, Nantes Université, Le Mans Université CNRS Angers France
- Department of Geology Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Vona Méléder
- UR 2160, ISOMer, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer Nantes Université Nantes France
| | - Sophie Quinchard
- UMR 6112 LPG, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, Univ Angers, Nantes Université, Le Mans Université CNRS Angers France
| | - Emmanuelle Geslin
- UMR 6112 LPG, Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géosciences, Univ Angers, Nantes Université, Le Mans Université CNRS Angers France
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Joppien M, Westphal H, Chandra V, Stuhr M, Doo SS. Nanoplastic incorporation into an organismal skeleton. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14771. [PMID: 36042226 PMCID: PMC9427768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the effects of global marine plastic pollution have largely focused on physiological responses of few organism groups (e.g., corals, fishes). Here, we report the first observation of polymer nanoparticles being incorporated into the calcite skeleton of a large benthic foraminifera (LBF), a significant contributor to global carbonate production. While previous work on LBF has documented selectivity in feeding behaviour and a high degree of specialization regarding skeletal formation, in this study, abundant cases of nanoplastic encrustation into the calcite tests were observed. Nanoplastic incorporation was associated with formation of new chambers, in conjunction with rapid nanoplastic ingestion and subsequent incomplete egestion. Microalgae presence in nanoplastic treatments significantly increased the initial feeding response after 1 day, but regardless of microalgae presence, nanoplastic ingestion was similar after 6 weeks of chronic exposure. While ~ 40% of ingesting LBF expelled all nanoplastics from their cytoplasm, nanoplastics were still attached to the test surface and subsequently encrusted by calcite. These findings highlight the need for further investigation regarding plastic pollution impacts on calcifying organisms, e.g., the function of LBF as potential plastic sinks and alterations in structural integrity of LBF tests that will likely have larger ecosystem-level impacts on sediment production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Joppien
- Geoecology and Carbonate Sedimentology Group, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany. .,Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Hildegard Westphal
- Geoecology and Carbonate Sedimentology Group, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany.,Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Viswasanthi Chandra
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marleen Stuhr
- Geoecology and Carbonate Sedimentology Group, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
| | - Steve S Doo
- Geoecology and Carbonate Sedimentology Group, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany.,Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Bloodgood RA. Prey capture in protists utilizing microtubule filled processes and surface motility. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:500-514. [PMID: 33190423 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Surface motility, which can be visualized by the movement of live prey organisms, polystyrene microspheres or other inert particles, has been shown to occur in a wide variety of microtubule-filled extensions of the protistan cell surface, although the associated functions remain enigmatic. This article integrates an extensive but poorly known body of literature showing that surface motility, associated with microtubule-filled cell extensions such as flagella, axopodia, actinopodia, reticulopodia, and haptonema, plays a crucial role in protistan prey capture. Surface motility has been most extensively studied in Chlamydomonas where it is responsible for flagella-dependent whole cell gliding motility. The force transduction machinery for gliding motility in Chlamydomonas is intraflagellar transport. Other than in Chlamydomonas, this field has not moved far beyond the descriptive to the mechanistic because of technical challenges associated with many of the protistan organisms that utilize surface motility for prey capture. The purpose of this article is to rekindle interest in the protistan systems that utilize surface motility for prey capture at a time when newly emerging molecular tools for working with protists are poised to reinvigorate a field that has been quiescent too long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Bloodgood
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Cytological Observations of the Large Symbiotic Foraminifer Amphisorus kudakajimensis Using Calcein Acetoxymethyl Ester. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165844. [PMID: 27812157 PMCID: PMC5094710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large benthic foraminifera are unicellular calcifying reef organisms that can form symbiotic relationships with a range of different microalgae. However, the cellular functions, such as symbiosis and calcification, and other aspects of cellular physiology in large benthic foraminifera are not fully understood. Amphisorus kudakajimensis was used as a model to determine the detailed cellular characteristics of large benthic foraminifera. We used calcein acetoxymethyl ester (calcein AM) as a fluorescent indicator for live confocal imaging. We demonstrated that calcein AM is a useful fluorescent indicator to stain the fine network of reticulopodia and the cytoplasm in living A. kudakajimensis. We showed that at least two types of reticulopodia exist in A. kudakajimensis: the straight bundle of reticulopodia that spreads from the aperture and the fine reticulopodia along the surface of the aperture and chamber walls. The cytoplasm in outer chambers was highly branched and contained a few dinoflagellates. In contrast, the inner chamberlets contained condensed cytoplasm and many dinoflagellates, suggesting that the cytoplasm of A. kudakajimensis performs different functions based on its location within the large test. Our confocal detailed image analysis provides real-time cellular morphology and cell physiology of living foraminifera.
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Parfrey LW, Katz LA. Genome dynamics are influenced by food source in Allogromia laticollaris strain CSH (Foraminifera). Genome Biol Evol 2010; 2:678-85. [PMID: 20709784 PMCID: PMC2940327 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evq051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the eukaryotic tree of life, genomes vary within populations and within individuals during their life cycle. Understanding intraspecific genome variation in diverse eukaryotes is key to elucidating the factors that underlie this variation. Here, we characterize genome dynamics during the life cycle of Allogromia laticollaris strain CSH, a member of the Foraminifera, using fluorescence microscopy and reveal extensive variation in nuclear size and DNA content. Both nuclear size and DNA content are tightly correlated across a 700-fold range in cell volume. In contrast to models in yeast where nuclear size is determined solely by cell size, the relationship in A. laticollaris CSH differs according to both life cycle stage and food source. Feeding A. laticollaris CSH a diet that includes algae results in a 2-fold increase in DNA content in reproductive cells compared with a diet of bacteria alone. This difference in DNA content likely corresponds to increased fecundity, as reproduction occurs through segregation of the polyploid nucleus into numerous daughter nuclei. Environmentally mediated variation in DNA content may be a widespread phenomenon, as it has been previously reported in the plant flax and the flagellate Euglena. We hypothesize that DNA content is influenced by food in other single-celled eukaryotes with ploidy cycles and that this genome flexibility may enable these eukaryotes to maximize fitness across changing environmental conditions.
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Orokos DD, Cole RW, Travis JL. Organelles are transported on sliding microtubules in Reticulomyxa. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2000; 47:296-306. [PMID: 11093250 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0169(200012)47:4<296::aid-cm4>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Organelles and plasma membrane domains appear to be transported along Reticulomyxa's microtubule cytoskeleton. Previously we demonstrated that organelle and cell surface transport share the same enzymatic properties and suggested that both are powered by the same cytoplasmic dynein. Motility analysis in Reticulomyxa is complicated by the fact that the microtubules also are motile and appear to "slide" bidirectionally throughout the network. We have utilized laser ablation to address this frame-of-reference problem as to how each transport component (microtubule sliding vs. organelle translocations) contributes to reactivated bidirectional translocation of organelles along the microtubule cytoskeleton. Laser ablation was used to cut microtubule bundles from lysed networks into 4-15-microm segments. After examining these reactivated cut fragments, it appears that the majority of organelles did not move relative to microtubule fragments, but remained attached to microtubules and moved as the microtubules slid. Microtubule sliding stops after 1-2 min and cannot be reactivated even when perfused with fresh ATP. Furthermore, once sliding stops, organelle transport also stops. Our findings indicate that the majority of Reticulomyxa pseudopodial organelles do not move along the surface of the microtubules, rather it is the sliding of the microtubules to which they are attached that moves them.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Orokos
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, USA
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Marko M, Leith A, Parsons D. Three-dimensional reconstruction of cells from serial sections and whole-cell mounts using multilevel contouring of stereo micrographs. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1988; 9:395-411. [PMID: 2462031 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060090406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive computer-graphics-based system (STERECON) is described for tracing and digitizing contours from individual or stereopair electron micrographs. The contours are drawn in parallel planes within the micrographs. Provision is also made for tracing and digitizing in full three-dimensional (3-D) coordinates in any direction along linear structures such as cytoskeletal elements. The stereopair micrographs are viewed in combination with the contours being traced on a graphics terminal monitor. This is done either by projecting original electron micrograph (EM) negatives onto a screen and optically combining these images with contour lines being drawn on the monitor, or by first digitizing the images and displaying them directly on the monitor along with the contour lines. Prior image digitization allows computer enhancement of the structures to be contoured. Correction and alignment routines are included to deal with variable section thickness, section distortion and mass loss, variations in photography in the electron microscope, and terminal screen curvature when combining projected images with contour lines on the monitor. The STERECON system organizes and displays the digitized data from successive sections as a 3-D reconstruction. Reconstructions can be viewed in any orientation as contour stacks with hidden lines removed; as wire-frame models; or as shaded, solid models with variable lighting, transparency, and reflectivity. Volumes and surface areas of the reconstructed objects can be determined. Particular attention was paid to making the system convenient for the biological user. Users are given a choice of three different stereo-viewing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marko
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201
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