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Contrasting patterns of venom regeneration in a centipede (Scolopendra viridis) and a scorpion (Centruroides hentzi). Toxicon 2022; 210:132-140. [PMID: 35245607 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As biochemical traits with clear fitness consequences, venoms serve a critical ecological role for the animals that produce them. Understanding how venoms are maintained and regenerated after use will, therefore, provide valuable insight into the ecology of venomous animals. Furthermore, most studies on venomous organisms often require removing animals from the wild and waiting extended periods of time between venom extractions. Uncovering the patterns of venom regeneration across different species will likely lead to the development of more efficient venom extraction protocols, reducing both experimental time and the number of animals required. Using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, we identified asynchronous regeneration of venom protein component abundances in the centipede Scolopendra viridis but found no evidence for asynchronous venom regeneration in the scorpion Centruroides hentzi. We also observed high levels of intraspecific venom variation in C. hentzi, emphasizing the importance of testing for intraspecific venom variation in studies evaluating the synchronicity of venom regeneration. Although the regeneration of relative venom protein component abundances is an asynchronous process in S. viridis, we provide evidence that the presence-absence of major venom components is not an asynchronous process and suggest that studies relying on just the presence/absence of individual proteins (e.g. bioprospecting, drug discovery) could use catch-and-release methods of venom extraction to reduce the number of animals removed from the wild.
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Pucca MB, Knudsen C, S. Oliveira I, Rimbault C, A. Cerni F, Wen FH, Sachett J, Sartim MA, Laustsen AH, Monteiro WM. Current Knowledge on Snake Dry Bites. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110668. [PMID: 33105644 PMCID: PMC7690386 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake ‘dry bites’ are characterized by the absence of venom being injected into the victim during a snakebite incident. The dry bite mechanism and diagnosis are quite complex, and the lack of envenoming symptoms in these cases may be misinterpreted as a miraculous treatment or as proof that the bite from the perpetrating snake species is rather harmless. The circumstances of dry bites and their clinical diagnosis are not well-explored in the literature, which may lead to ambiguity amongst treating personnel about whether antivenom is indicated or not. Here, the epidemiology and recorded history of dry bites are reviewed, and the clinical knowledge on the dry bite phenomenon is presented and discussed. Finally, this review proposes a diagnostic and therapeutic protocol to assist medical care after snake dry bites, aiming to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela B. Pucca
- Medical School, Federal University of Roraima, Boa Vista 69310-000, Roraima, Brazil;
| | - Cecilie Knudsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.K.); (C.R.); (A.H.L.)
- Bioporto Diagnostics A/S, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Isadora S. Oliveira
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (I.S.O.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Charlotte Rimbault
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.K.); (C.R.); (A.H.L.)
| | - Felipe A. Cerni
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil; (I.S.O.); (F.A.C.)
| | - Fan Hui Wen
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil;
| | - Jacqueline Sachett
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69065-001, Amazonas, Brazil;
- Department of Teaching and Research, Alfredo da Matta Foundation, Manaus 69065-130, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marco A. Sartim
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040-000, Amazonas, Brazil;
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Amazonas Federal University, Manaus 69067-005, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Andreas H. Laustsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (C.K.); (C.R.); (A.H.L.)
| | - Wuelton M. Monteiro
- Department of Medicine and Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69065-001, Amazonas, Brazil;
- Department of Teaching and Research, Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, Manaus 69040-000, Amazonas, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-92-99165-2486
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Carneiro SM, Assakura MT, Barrence FAC, Cardoso SRT, de Martins Camargo AC, Sesso A. Immunolocalization of venom metalloproteases in venom glands of adult and of newborn snakes of Bothrops jararaca. Tissue Cell 2002; 34:381-9. [PMID: 12441090 DOI: 10.1016/s004081660200068x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using immunoelectronmicroscopy we analyzed qualitative and quantitatively the intracellular distribution of bothropasin, hemorrhagic factor 2 (HF2) and hemorrhagic factor 3 (HF3) in the venom secretory cells from adult snakes in the active (7 days after venom extraction) and in the resting (without venom extraction for 40 days) stages of protein synthesis. Glands from the newborn Bothrops jararaca were also studied. The results lead to the conclusion that all the secretory cells and the secretory pathway in the cells are qualitatively alike in regard to their content of the three metalloproteases. Secretory cells from the resting glands, unlike the active ones and the newborn glands, did not present immunolabeling in the narrow intracisternal spaces of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The label intensity for bothropasin was greater than that for the other proteins in the adults. HF3 and HF2 labeling densities in the newborn were higher than in the adults and HF3 labeling was not different from that of bothropasin. Co-localization of the three metalloproteases was detected in the RER cisternae of the active gland secretory cells, implying that mixing of the proteases before co-packaging into secretory vesicles occurs at the beginning of protein synthesis in the RER cisternae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Mendes Carneiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, SP 05503-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Morphology and ultrastructure of the venom glands of the northern pacific rattlesnakeCrotalus viridis oreganus. J Morphol 1991; 208:109-128. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052080106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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