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Ben Bacha A, Alonazi MA, Elshikh MS, Karray A. A novel bactericidal homodimeric PLA 2 group-I from Walterinnesia aegyptia venom. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:1140-1146. [PMID: 29885399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel non-toxic phospholipase A2 was purified to homogeneity in a single chromatography step from the venom of Walterinnesia aegyptia, a monotypic elapid snake caught in Saudi Arabia, and its antimicrobial and hemolytic properties were evaluated as well. This enzyme, namely WaPLA2, is a homodimer with an estimated molecular mass of 30 kDa, and its NH2-terminal sequence exhibits a significant degree of similarity with PLA2 group-I. At optimal pH (8.5) and temperature (45 °C), the purified PLA2 exhibited a specific activity of 2100 U/mg, and it requires bile salts and Ca2+ for its activity. However, other cations such as Cd2+ and Hg2+ diminished the enzyme activity remarkably, thereby suggesting that the catalytic site arrangement has an exclusive structure for Ca2+ binding. Furthermore, WaPLA2 maintained almost 100% and 60% of its full activity in a pH range of 6.0-10 after 24 h incubation or after 60 min treatment at 70 °C, respectively. In the biological activity assays, WaPLA2 displayed potent indirectly hemolytic and antimicrobial activities that were strongly correlated. These promising findings encourage further in-depth research to understand the molecular mechanism of WaPLA2's antimicrobial properties for its possible use as a potential therapeutic lead molecule for treating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Ben Bacha
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology Applied to Crop Improvement, Faculty of Science of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia.
| | - Mona Awad Alonazi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Solman Elshikh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Science College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aida Karray
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS, Université de Sfax, Route de Soukra 3038, BP 1173, Sfax, Tunisia
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Abd El Aziz TM, Bourgoin-Voillard S, Combemale S, Beroud R, Fadl M, Seve M, De Waard M. Fractionation and proteomic analysis of the Walterinnesia aegyptia snake venom using OFFGEL and MALDI-TOF-MS techniques. Electrophoresis 2016; 36:2594-605. [PMID: 26178575 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Animal venoms are complex mixtures of more than 100 different compounds, including peptides, proteins, and nonprotein compounds such as lipids, carbohydrates, and metal ions. In addition, the existing compounds show a wide range of molecular weights and concentrations within these venoms, making separation and purification procedures quite tedious. Here, we analyzed for the first time by MS the advantages of using the OFFGEL technique in the separation of the venom components of the Egyptian Elapidae Walterinnesia aegyptia snake compared to two classical methods of separation, SEC and RP-HPLC. We demonstrate that OFFGEL separates venom components over a larger scale of fractions, preserve respectable resolution with regard to the presence of a given compound in adjacent fractions and allows the identification of a greater number of ions by MS (102 over 134 total ions). We also conclude that applying several separating techniques (SEC and RP-HPLC in addition to OFFGEL) provides complementary results in terms of ion detection (21 more for SEC and 22 more with RP-HPLC). As a result, we provide a complete list of 134 ions present in the venom of W. aegyptia by using all these techniques combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mohamed Abd El Aziz
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Neuroscience Institute, LabEx Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Sandrine Bourgoin-Voillard
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, IAB, PROMETHEE Proteomic Platform, Grenoble, France.,CHU de Grenoble, IAB, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, PROMETHEE Proteomic Platform, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Rémy Beroud
- Smartox Biotechnology, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
| | - Mahmoud Fadl
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Michel Seve
- University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,INSERM, IAB, PROMETHEE Proteomic Platform, Grenoble, France.,CHU de Grenoble, IAB, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, PROMETHEE Proteomic Platform, Grenoble, France
| | - Michel De Waard
- INSERM U836, Grenoble Neuroscience Institute, LabEx Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics, France.,University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Smartox Biotechnology, Saint-Martin d'Hères, France
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The effect of Walterinnesia aegyptia venom proteins on TCA cycle activity and mitochondrial NAD(+)-redox state in cultured human fibroblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:738147. [PMID: 25705684 PMCID: PMC4331154 DOI: 10.1155/2015/738147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast cultures were used to study the effects of crude Walterinnesia aegyptia venom and its F1–F7 protein fractions on TCA cycle enzyme activities and mitochondrial NAD-redox state. Confluent cells were incubated with 10 μg of venom proteins for 4 hours at 37°C. The activities of all studied TCA enzymes and the non-TCA mitochondrial NADP+-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase underwent significant reductions of similar magnitude (50–60% of control activity) upon incubation of cells with the crude venom and fractions F4, F5, and F7 and 60–70% for fractions F3 and F6. In addition, the crude and fractions F3–F7 venom proteins caused a drop in mitochondrial NAD+ and NADP+ levels equivalent to around 25% of control values. Whereas the crude and fractions F4, F5, and F7 venom proteins caused similar magnitude drops in NADH and NADPH (around 55% of control levels), fractions F3 and F6 caused a more drastic drop (60–70% of control levels) of both reduced coenzymes. Results indicate that the effects of venom proteins could be directed at the mitochondrial level and/or the rates of NAD+ and NADP+ biosynthesis.
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Tsai HY, Wang YM, Tsai IH. Cloning, characterization and phylogenetic analyses of members of three major venom families from a single specimen of Walterinnesia aegyptia. Toxicon 2008; 51:1245-54. [PMID: 18405934 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Walterinnesia aegyptia is a monotypic elapid snake inhabiting in Africa and Mideast. Although its envenoming is known to cause rapid deaths and paralysis, structural data of its venom proteins are rather limited. Using gel filtration and reverse-phase HPLC, phospholipases A(2) (PLAs), three-fingered toxins (3FTxs), and Kunitz-type protease inhibitors (KIns) were purified from the venom of a single specimen of this species caught in northern Egypt. In addition, specific primers were designed and PCR was carried out to amplify the cDNAs encoding members of the three venom families, respectively, using total cDNA prepared from its venom glands. Complete amino acid sequences of two acidic PLAs, three short chain 3FTxs, and four KIns of this venom species were thus deduced after their cDNAs were cloned and sequenced. They are all novel sequences and match the mass data of purified proteins. For members of each toxin family, protein sequences were aligned and subjected to molecular phylogenetic analyses. The results indicated that the PLAs and a Kunitz inhibitor of W. aegyptia are most similar to those of king cobra venom, and its 3FTxs belongs to either Type I alpha-neurotoxins or weak toxins of orphan-II subtype. It is remarkable that both king cobra and W. aegyptia cause rapid deaths of the victims, and a close evolutionary relationship between them is speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Tsai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-106, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ismail M, Abd-Elsalam MA, Al-Ahaidib MS. Pharmacokinetics of 125I-labelled Walterinnesia aegyptia venom and its distribution of the venom and its toxin versus slow absorption and distribution of IGG, F(AB')2 and F(AB) of the antivenin. Toxicon 1998; 36:93-114. [PMID: 9604285 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A three-compartment open pharmacokinetic model best fitted the data obtained following the i.v. injection of the venom, toxin and the immunoglobulin fractions into either rabbits or mice. The venom and toxin, however, possessed pharmacokinetic characteristics that were significantly different from the immunoglobulin fractions. The venom and toxin had very highly significantly greater disposition rate constants to the shallow and deep tissue compartments and overall elimination rate constant from the central compartment than any of the immunoglobulin fractions. This was reflected in other pharmacokinetic parameters, including highly significantly smaller areas under the curve (AUC) and highly significantly greater volumes of the central compartment (Vc), shallow tissue compartment (Vt shallow), deep tissue compartment (Vt deep) and total body clearance (TBC). In rabbits, F(ab')2 possessed the fastest disposition rate constants and the shortest distribution half-lives, while Fab showed the slowest disposition rate constants and the longest distribution half-lives. The same picture occurred in mice except that the values for Fab were between those of F(ab')2 and IgG. The time needed by the venom and toxin to reach maximum tissue concentration (tmax) ranged between 7 and 15 min and 60 and 180 min for the shallow and deep tissue compartments, respectively. The immunoglobulin fractions required 8-26-fold these times to attain tmax; F(ab')2 was the fastest to achieve its maximal concentration. Following i.m. injection, very fast absorption of venom and toxin took place, with the toxin reaching tmax within 5-20 min and 90% of the injected dose absorbed within 60 min. The bioavailability factor (F) was 0.82 and 0.88 for the venom and toxin, respectively. Fab had an F-value of 0.36 and required 4.3 and 47.4-fold the time taken by the venom and toxin to achieve tmax. The calculated values of F for F(ab')2 and IgG were 0.25 and 0.26, respectively. In the physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK), the venom and toxin reached tmax in the different organs studied very rapidly while the immunoglobulin fractions required several-fold this time to attain tmax. F(ab')2 possessed the highest CPmax, the smallest AUC and the shortest t1/2 beta in the different tissues; Fab had values between F(ab)2 and IgG. It is concluded that F(ab')2 possesses pharmacokinetic characteristics that render it most suitable for use in serotherapy of snake and scorpion envenoming. It should be injected i.v. in doses higher than calculated neutralizing doses to compensate for the slow rate of distribution. Because of slow and incomplete absorption, the i.m. injection of the immunoglobulin fractions would be of little value in serotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ismail
- Antivenom and Vaccine Production Center, King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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al-Asmari AK, al-Abdulla IH, Crouch RG, Smith DC, Sjostrom L. Assessment of an ovine antivenom raised against venom from the desert black cobra (Walterinnesia aegyptia). Toxicon 1997; 35:141-5. [PMID: 9028017 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The desert black cobra (Walterinnesia aegyptia) is an elapid widely distributed throughout the deserts of Saudi Arabia and currently available antivenoms are ineffective in the treatment of its envenoming. Walterinnesia aegyptia venom was assessed for several of its physicochemical, enzymatic and biological characteristics. An antivenom was raised in sheep using a low-dose immunization schedule and digested with papain to provide Fab fragments. The antivenom neutralized all of the above enzymatic and biological activities and provided good protection in mice (ED50 0.25 g/kg), whereas the commercial polyspecific products showed only partial neutralization and did not protect mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K al-Asmari
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, U.K
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