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Pane L, Mariottini GL, Giacco E. Ecotoxicological assessment of the micelle encapsulator F-500. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 118:167-176. [PMID: 25938697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are synthetic chemicals utilized as detergents and cleaning products or as dispersants and emulsifiers to face water pollution. In spite of this, due to their wide diffusion, surfactants can induce water and soil pollution, notably in developed countries, and can be toxic to organisms. Taking into account that the assessment of new compounds is mandatory in the European Union, in this research the ecotoxicity of fire-fighting micelle encapsulator F-500, newly utilized as dispersant in seawaters polluted with oil dumping, was evaluated. The assessment was carried out on a battery of test-organisms (freshwater algae, crustaceans, and larval fish; seawater algae, crustaceans, and bivalves; soil earthworms, and seeds) as well as on cultured cells (L-929 mouse fibroblasts), which were exposed to F-500 concentrations. According to the toxicity thresholds provided by GESAMP, F-500 resulted to be slightly or moderately toxic to all test-organisms, excluding the freshwater alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata that suffered highly toxic effects with IC50 values ranging from 0.21 to 0.49mg/L. The IC50 for mouse fibroblasts was 5.41µg/L after 24h treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Pane
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, I-16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Gian Luigi Mariottini
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, I-16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Giacco
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 5, I-16132 Genova, Italy.
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Zeliger HI. Lipophilic chemical exposure as a cause of cardiovascular disease. Interdiscip Toxicol 2013; 6:55-62. [PMID: 24179429 PMCID: PMC3798856 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2013-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental chemical exposure has been linked to numerous diseases in humans. These diseases include cancers; neurological and neurodegenerative diseases; metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity; reproductive and developmental disorders; and endocrine disorders. Many studies have associated the link between exposures to environmental chemicals and cardiovascular disease (CVD). These chemicals include persistent organic pollutants (POPs); the plastic exudates bisphenol A and phthalates; low molecular weight hydrocarbons (LMWHCs); and poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Here it is reported that though the chemicals reported on differ widely in chemical properties and known points of attack in humans, a common link exists between them. All are lipophilic species that are found in serum. Environmentally induced CVD is related to total lipophilic chemical load in the blood. Lipophiles serve to promote the absorption of otherwise not absorbed toxic hydrophilic species that promote CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold I Zeliger
- Zeliger Chemical, Toxicological and Environmental Research, West Charlton, New York, USA
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3
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Grabowski T, Jaroszewski JJ, Piotrowski W, Feder M. Qualitative structure residue relationship analysis in the determination of the maximum residue limit of veterinary drugs. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:312-318. [PMID: 22226366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aim of the present study was an attempt to find a correlation between physicochemical structure of veterinary drugs and the maximum residue limit (MRL) for muscle tissue of food producing animals. Direct correlation and analysis in quintile groups for 52 physicochemical parameters were performed. An internal validation using leave-one-out cross-validation was performed. In the quintile groups, there were 11 arithmetic expressions created for the limited group of individual parameters (13 from 52 analyzed), which showed a significant linear or quadratic correlation between the number of quintile group and the mean value of MRL within the quintile. The results obtained suggest that there is no direct correlation between individual physicochemical parameters and MRL value in muscle tissue; however, such correlation can be determined for arithmetic expressions created on the basis of several physicochemical parameters, using quintile group analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grabowski
- Centre of Pharmacokinetics Research Filab, Ravimed Sp. z o.o., Polna 54, 05-119 Łajski, Poland.
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Botalova O, Schwarzbauer J, al Sandouk N. Identification and chemical characterization of specific organic indicators in the effluents from chemical production sites. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:3653-3664. [PMID: 21565380 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The structural diversity of the wastewater composition was described by the use of detailed non-target screening analyses of industrial effluents from chemical production sites. Determination of the indicative organic compounds acting as potential molecular indicators for industrial emissions from chemical production industries has been possible due to (i) detailed characterisation of industrial contaminants and identification of compounds with high source specificity, (ii) quantitative determination of the organic constituents in the industrial effluents and (iii) the review of their industrial applications. The determination of potential site-specific markers and industrial molecular indicators corresponding to certain production processes (production of starting materials for manufacturing paper and printing inks, powder coatings as well as epichlorohydrin production) was performed in this work. The results of this study allowed significant contributions to the chemical characterisation of industrial contaminants and isolation of indicators that can act as representatives of industrial effluents in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Botalova
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstrasse 4-20, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Grabowski T, Jaroszewski JJ, Piotrowski W. Correlations between no observed effect level and selected parameters of the chemical structure for veterinary drugs. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:953-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Harris CA, Brian JV, Pojana G, Lamoree M, Booy P, Marcomini A, Sumpter JP. The influence of a surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, on the estrogenic response to a mixture of (xeno)estrogens in vitro and in vivo. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 91:95-98. [PMID: 19022507 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the presence of a surfactant on the activity of a mixture of environmental estrogens was assessed. In their natural habitat, fish are subject not only to exposure to mixtures of estrogenic compounds, as has been addressed in previous publications, but also to other confounding factors (chemical, physical and biological), which may, in theory, affect their responses to such compounds. To assess the potential for such interference, the commonly occurring surfactant, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), was applied to the yeast estrogen screen at various concentrations, independently and together with a mixture of estrogens at constant concentrations. LAS enhanced the estrogenic activity of the mixture, an effect which became less pronounced over the course of time. This information was used to design an in vivo study to assess induction of vitellogenin in fathead minnows exposed to the same mixture of estrogens plus LAS. A similar trend was observed, that is, the response was enhanced, but the effect became less pronounced as the study progressed. However, the enhanced response in vivo occurred only at the highest concentration of LAS tested (362microg/L), and was transient because it was no longer apparent by the end of the study. Although LAS is a significant contaminant in terms of both concentration and frequency of detection in the aquatic environment, these data do not suggest that it will have a significant impact on the response of fish to environmental estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Harris
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK.
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Bharadwaj L, Dhami K, Schneberger D, Stevens M, Renaud C, Ali A. Altered gene expression in human hepatoma HepG2 cells exposed to low-level 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and potassium nitrate. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:603-19. [PMID: 15878651 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and nitrate are agricultural contaminants found in rural ground water. It is not known whether levels found in groundwater pose a human or environmental health risk, nor is the mechanism of toxicity at the molecular/cellular level understood. This study focused on determining whether 2,4-D or nitrate at environmentally realistic levels elicit gene expression changes in exposed cells. cDNA microarray technology was used to determine the impact of 2,4-D and nitrate in an in vitro model of exposure. Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were incubated with 2,4-D or nitrate alone for 24 h. Cell viability (neutral red assay) and proliferation (BrdU incorporation) were assessed following exposure. Total RNA from treated and control cells were isolated, reverse transcribed and reciprocal labelled with Cy3 or Cy5 dyes, and hybridized to a human cDNA microarray. The hybridized microarray chips were scanned, quantified and analyzed to identify genes affected by 2,4-D or nitrate exposure based on a two-fold increase or decrease in gene expression and reproducibility (affected in three or more treatments). Following filtering, normalization and hierarchical clustering initial data indicate that numerous genes were found to be commonly expressed in at least three or more treatments of 2,4-D or nitrate tested. The affected genes indicate that HepG2 cells respond to environmental, low-level exposure and produce a cellular response that is associated with alterations in the expression of many genes. The affected genes were characterized as stress response, cell cycle control, immunological and DNA repair genes. These findings serve to highlight new pathway(s) in which to further probe the effects of environmental levels of 2,4-D and nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Bharadwaj
- Department of Medicine and Toxicology Group, Institute of Agricultural Rural and Environmental Health, University of Saskatchewan, 103 Hospital Drive, P.O. Box 120, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N 0W8.
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Lueken A, Juhl-Strauss U, Krieger G, Witte I. Synergistic DNA damage by oxidative stress (induced by H2O2) and nongenotoxic environmental chemicals in human fibroblasts. Toxicol Lett 2004; 147:35-43. [PMID: 14700526 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic combination effects of oxidative stress (induced by H2O2) and eight nongenotoxic environmental chemicals (4-chloroaniline, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, lindane, 2,4-dichloroacetic acid (2,4-D), m-xylene, glyphosate, nitrilotriacetic acid and n-hexanol) were determined in human fibroblasts. Genotoxicity was measured quantitatively by the single cell gel electrophoresis assay. The nongenotoxic chemicals were used in non cytotoxic concentrations. H2O2 was used in concentrations producing low (50 microM) and no cytotoxicity (40 microM). All environmental chemicals acted in a synergistic way with H2O2 except DMSO which effectively inhibited H2O(2)-induced DNA damage. The most effective enhancers were 4-chloroaniline, 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, m-xylene, and n-hexanol. Synergistic effects of hexanol/H2O2 were still evident at a concentration of 0.09 noec (no observed effect concentration). In contrast to synergistic DNA damage in the cell antagonism was found measuring DNA breakage in isolated PM2 DNA. From the results we concluded that synergisms between H2O2 and nongenotoxic chemicals may be a general phenomenon which is not observed on the level of isolated DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lueken
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Fak. V, Institute of Biology and Environm. Sciences, Postfach 2503, D-26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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Abstract
Exposures to chemical mixtures have reportedly produced unexpected effects. Examination of new case studies, as well as those previously reported, shows that when the human body is exposed to mixtures of chemicals that include lipophilic and hydrophilic species, the lipophiles facilitate the absorption of the hydrophiles at enhanced levels and produce effects that are not expected from an individual chemical. These effects include enhanced acute and chronic responses, low-level concentration response, and unexpected target organ attack. Octanol:water partition coefficients are predictive of relative lipophilicity and hydrophilicity. The findings have implications for safe drinking water standards, air quality standards, safe industrial and environmental exposure levels, product formulation, product labeling, and protocols for toxicity testing of chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold I Zeliger
- Zeliger Chemical, Environmental & Toxicological Services, West Charlton, New York 12010, USA.
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Zhu BZ, Shechtman S, Chevion M. Synergistic cytotoxicity between pentachlorophenol and copper in a bacterial model. CHEMOSPHERE 2001; 45:463-470. [PMID: 11680742 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Both pentachlorophenol (PCP) and copper compounds have been widely used as wood preservatives, and are commonly found not only in the area near wood-preserving facilities, but also in body fluids and tissues of people who are not occupationally exposed to them. In this study, we found that exposing bacteria to a combination of PCP and copper at non- or sub-toxic concentrations resulted in enhanced cytotoxic effect in a synergistic mode as indicated by both the inhibition of growth and the lowering of the colony-forming ability. The toxicity of the combination PCP/Cu(II) was relieved by hydrophilic chelating agents, thiol compounds and adventitious proteins, but was markedly potentiated by low levels of the lipophilic metal chelating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Z Zhu
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Sabaliūnas D, Lazutka JR, Sabaliūniene I. Acute toxicity and genotoxicity of aquatic hydrophobic pollutants sampled with semipermeable membrane devices. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2000; 109:251-265. [PMID: 15092896 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1999] [Accepted: 09/14/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Triolein-filled semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed for 4 weeks in polluted water sources in Lithuania. The mixtures of pollutants sampled by the SPMDs were fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). The fraction containing average molecular weight compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides was screened by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The whole (non-fractionated) samples and their SEC fractions were tested in bioassays including Microtox, Mutatox, Daphnia pulex immobilization assay and the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in human lymphocytes in vitro test. The Microtox test was most sensitive with the estimated EC(50) values in the range of milligrams or even micrograms per milliliter based on the amount of the SPMD triolein. Part of the observed toxicity was caused by elemental sulfur co-sampled by the SPMDs from sediments. The sum of toxicity equivalents of the SEC fractions was smaller than the relative toxicity of the whole samples indicating the presence of synergistic interactions in the complex mixtures of chemical pollutants. The toxic or genotoxic response induced by the chemical mixtures and their fractions was smaller in the D. pulex, Mutatox and SCE tests. In Mutatox, a positive response was only detected without the S9 metabolic activation which indicates the presence of mainly direct-acting mutagens in the samples. Interpretation of the Mutatox data was difficult due to the complexity of dose-response and time-response relationships. The study has demonstrated the potential as well as some limitations of SPMDs in the monitoring of biological effects of bioavailable organic pollutants in the aquatic environment.
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Berthe-Corti L, Jacobi H, Kleihauer S, Witte I. Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of a 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexogen contaminated soil in S. typhimurium and mammalian cells. CHEMOSPHERE 1998; 37:209-218. [PMID: 9650264 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and mutagenicity of aqueous and organic extracts of soil contaminated with TNT, TNT metabolites and hexogen was determined in mammalian cell lines and in prokaryotic cells. The prokaryotic toxicity was determined via the colony forming ability of Salmonella typhimurium (strains TA 98 and TA 100). The same strains were used to test mutagenicity in the Ames test. The mammalian toxicity was analyzed in human fibroblasts by the inhibition of cell growth and cell viability (MTT assay). The mammalian mutagenicity was tested with the HPRT test in V79 cells (hamster lung). The aqueous soil extract did not reveal toxicity or mutagenicity in any of the tests performed. The DMSO/ethanol extract showed toxicity and mutagenicity in S. typhimurium. Thereby strain TA 98 was more sensitive than strain TA 100. In human fibroblasts cell growth was strongly inhibited, whereas no reduction of cell viability was found in the MTT test. Mutagenicity of the DMSO/ethanol extract of the soil was demonstrated in V79 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Berthe-Corti
- Fachbereich Biologie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, FRG
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Jacobi H, Leier G, Witte I. Correlation of the lipophilicity of xenobiotics with their synergistic effects on DNA synthesis in human fibroblasts. CHEMOSPHERE 1996; 32:1251-1259. [PMID: 8983641 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(96)00037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The binary combination effects of DNA synthesis of human fibroblasts were investigated using 2,4-D with 15 xenobiotics of different chemical substance classes. Results were compared with previous investigations on cell growth. Each of the 15 chemicals tested at their no effect concentrations (NOEC's) increased the effects of 2,4-D on DNA synthesis. Thereby, the EC20 value of 2,4-D was reduced by approximately 40% in the combinations. The NOEC's of the xenobiotics used in the combinations varied by a factor of 1,600 and depended strongly on the lipophilicity of the agents combined with 2,4-D. A significant statistical correlation of r = 0.90 was found between the NOEC's of the 15 combined xenobiotics and their lipophilicity. The combination effects on DNA synthesis were similar to those on cell growth. The regression lines of the relationship between the NOEC's and lipophilicity in both assays showed only slight differences in the slopes. This is an additional confirmation of our hypothesis on a facilitated uptake of 2,4-D in the binary combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jacobi
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany
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