Glycogen phosphorylase: a noninvasive indicator of cytoplasmic calcium

Conditions that result in the mobilization and influx of Ca2+ into rat hepatocytes induce the rapid loss of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity that is not reversed by phosphatase treatment

We investigated the effects of conditions that induce Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores and Ca2+ influx into hepatocytes on the expressed and total (fully dephosphorylated) activities of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. Vasopressin and phenylephrine when added alone had small or negligible effects on the phosphorylation state of the enzyme, as judged from the expressed/total activity ratio. However, when added in combination with glucagon, they elicited appreciable increases in the phosphorylation of the enzyme. Glucagon on its own had no effect either on phosphorylation state or on total HMG-CoA reductase activity during 40 min of incubation. Under conditions of sustained Ca2+ influx (i.e. vasopressin or phenylephrine plus glucagon), there was a marked loss of total HMG-CoA reductase activity. This effect was more pronounced when vasopressin was used; 50% of the enzyme activity was lost within 40 min. The involvement of Ca2+ in these effects was verified directly by the use of ionophore A23187. Its addition to hepatocytes resulted both in a very pronounced increase in the phosphorylation state of the enzyme and in the loss of 50% of the total activity within 30 min. There was no correlation between the ability of any set of conditions to increase the phosphorylation of the enzyme and the subsequent loss of total HMG-CoA reductase activity. The latter parameter appeared to be directly related, however, to the maintenance of prolonged Ca2+ influx, as indicated by the continued activation of glycogen phosphorylase, measured in the same cells. The lack of a causal relationship between increased phosphorylation and loss of total activity was demonstrated directly by studies in which okadaic acid was used to induce phosphorylation of HMG-CoA reductase in hepatocytes by inhibition of phosphatase 1 and 2A activities. This was not accompanied by any loss of total enzyme activity. Neither did okadaic acid enhance the loss of reductase induced by A23187 when the two agents were added together. It is concluded that altered Ca2+ fluxes in hepatocytes in vivo, under conditions of acute or chronic stress (such as may be associated with trauma or diabetes respectively), may be involved in the regulation of the expression of HMG-CoA reductase activity through alteration of enzyme concentration in the liver.

Paracetamol-induced stimulation of glycogenolysis in isolated mouse hepatocytes is not directly associated with cell death

Paracetamol intoxication in vivo is known to be accompanied by depletion of hepatic glycogen stores. We have demonstrated a dose-dependent stimulation of glycogenolysis by paracetamol in glycogen-rich hepatocytes isolated from the mouse. Concentrations of paracetamol that produced plasma membrane damage were also found to activate glycogen phosphorylase a and deplete cellular glycogen contents. However, paracetamol-mediated stimulation of glycogenolysis could be dissociated from the events associated with paracetamol-induced cell killing. Both N-acetylcysteine and 2,4-dichloro-6-phenylphenoxyethylamine markedly reduced the extent of hepatocellular plasma membrane damage induced by paracetamol, yet neither agent prevented the activation of phosphorylase a nor the depletion of glycogen. These findings suggest that the hepatic glycogen depletion that accompanies paracetamol intoxication in vivo is due, at least in part, to a direct effect of the drug on the liver.