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Bua L, Tibaldi E, Falcioni L, Lauriola M, De Angelis L, Gnudi F, Manservigi M, Manservisi F, Manzoli I, Menghetti I, Montella R, Panzacchi S, Sgargi D, Strollo V, Vornoli A, Mandrioli D, Belpoggi F. Results of lifespan exposure to continuous and intermittent extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELFEMF) administered alone to Sprague Dawley rats. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:271-279. [PMID: 29549848 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to now, experimental studies on rodents have failed to provide definitive confirmation of the carcinogenicity of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELFEMF). Two recent studies performed in our laboratory on Sprague-Dawley rats reported a statistically significant increase in malignant tumors of different sites (mammary gland, C-cells carcinoma, hemolymphoreticular neoplasia, and malignant heart Schwannoma) when ELFEMF exposure was associated with exposure to formaldehyde (50 mg/l) or acute low dose of γ-radiation (0.1 Gy) (Soffritti et al., 2016a) (Soffritti et al., 2016b). The same doses of known carcinogenic agents (50 mg/l formaldehyde, or acute 0.1 Gy γ-radiation), when administered alone, previously failed to induce any statistically significant increase in the incidence of total and specific malignant tumors in rats of the same colony. OBJECTIVES A lifespan whole-body exposure study was conducted to evaluate the possible carcinogenic effects of ELFEMF exposure administered alone to Sprague-Dawley rats, as part of the integrated project of the Ramazzini Institute (RI) for studying the effects on health of ELFEMF alone or in combination with other known carcinogens. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed 19 h/day to continuous sinusoidal-50 Hz magnetic fields (S-50 Hz MF) at flux densities of 0 (control group), 2, 20, 100 or 1000µT, and to intermittent (30 min on/30 min off) S-50 Hz MF at 1000 µT, from prenatal life until natural death. RESULTS Survival and body weight trends in all groups of rats exposed to ELFEMF were comparable to those found in sex-matched controls. The incidence and number of malignant and benign tumors was similar in all groups. Magnetic field exposure did not significantly increase the incidence of neoplasias in any organ, including those sites that have been identified as possible targets in epidemiological studies (leukemia, breast cancer, and brain cancer). CONCLUSIONS Life-span exposures to continuous and intermittent sinusoidal-50 Hz ELFEMFs, when administered alone, did not represent a significant risk factor for neoplastic development in our experimental rat model. In light of our previous results on the carcinogenic effects of ELFEMF in combination with formaldehyde and γ-radiation, further experiments are necessary to elucidate the possible role of ELFEMF as cancer enhancer in presence of other chemical and physical carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bua
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Tibaldi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Lauriola
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - L De Angelis
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Gnudi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Manservigi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - I Manzoli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - I Menghetti
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - R Montella
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Sgargi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Strollo
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Vornoli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - D Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Bologna, Italy.
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Gray JM, Rasanayagam S, Engel C, Rizzo J. State of the evidence 2017: an update on the connection between breast cancer and the environment. Environ Health 2017; 16:94. [PMID: 28865460 PMCID: PMC5581466 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this review, we examine the continually expanding and increasingly compelling data linking radiation and various chemicals in our environment to the current high incidence of breast cancer. Singly and in combination, these toxicants may have contributed significantly to the increasing rates of breast cancer observed over the past several decades. Exposures early in development from gestation through adolescence and early adulthood are particularly of concern as they re-shape the program of genetic, epigenetic and physiological processes in the developing mammary system, leading to an increased risk for developing breast cancer. In the 8 years since we last published a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, hundreds of new papers have appeared supporting this link, and in this update, the evidence on this topic is more extensive and of better quality than that previously available. CONCLUSION Increasing evidence from epidemiological studies, as well as a better understanding of mechanisms linking toxicants with development of breast cancer, all reinforce the conclusion that exposures to these substances - many of which are found in common, everyday products and byproducts - may lead to increased risk of developing breast cancer. Moving forward, attention to methodological limitations, especially in relevant epidemiological and animal models, will need to be addressed to allow clearer and more direct connections to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Gray
- Department of Psychology and Program in Science, Technology, and Society, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604-0246 USA
| | - Sharima Rasanayagam
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Connie Engel
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
| | - Jeanne Rizzo
- Breast Cancer Prevention Partners, 1388 Sutter St., Suite 400, San Francisco, CA 94109-5400 USA
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Grundy A, Harris SA, Demers PA, Johnson KC, Agnew DA, Villeneuve PJ. Occupational exposure to magnetic fields and breast cancer among Canadian men. Cancer Med 2016; 5:586-96. [PMID: 26792203 PMCID: PMC4799956 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupational magnetic field (MF) exposure has been suggested as a risk factor for breast cancer in both men and women. Due to the rarity of this disease in men, most epidemiologic studies investigating this relationship have been limited by small sample sizes. Herein, associations of several measures of occupational MF exposure with breast cancer in men were investigated using data from the population-based case-control component of the Canadian National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System. Lifetime job histories were provided by 115 cases and 570 controls. Average MF exposure of individual jobs was classified into three categories (<0.3, 0.3 to <0.6, or ≥0.6 μT) through expert blinded review of participant's lifetime occupational histories. The impact of highest average and cumulative MF exposure, as well as exposure duration and specific exposure-time windows, on cancer risk was examined using logistic regression. The proportion of cases (25%) with a highest average exposure of ≥0.3 μT was higher than among controls (22%). We found an elevated risk of breast cancer in men who were exposed to ≥0.6 μT (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80, 95% CI = 0.82-3.95) when compared to those with exposures <0.3 μT. Those exposed to occupational MF fields for at least 30 years had a nearly threefold increase in risk of breast cancer (OR = 2.77, 95% CI = 0.98-7.82) when compared to those with background levels of exposure. Findings for the other time-related MF variables were inconsistent. Our analysis, in one of the largest case-control studies of breast cancer in men conducted to date, provides limited support for the hypothesis that exposure to MF increases the risk breast cancer in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grundy
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention ResearchAlberta Health Services – Cancer Control AlbertaCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Shelley A. Harris
- Prevention and Cancer ControlCancer Care OntarioTorontoOntarioCanada
- Occupational Cancer Research CenterCancer Care OntarioTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental HealthDalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of EpidemiologyDalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Paul A. Demers
- Occupational Cancer Research CenterCancer Care OntarioTorontoOntarioCanada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental HealthDalla Lana School of Public HealthUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Kenneth C. Johnson
- Department of Epidemiology and Community MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - David A. Agnew
- University of Ontario Institute of TechnologyOshawaOntarioCanada
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Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is rare, with the peak age of onset at 71 years. BRCA2 mutations are more frequent than BRCA1 with 20% of cases giving a family history. Risk factors for MBC are poorly understood and include working in high-ambient temperatures and exhaust fume exposure. MBC is associated with hyperoestrogenic states found in liver disease, Klinefelter's syndrome, gonadal dysfunction or obesity. Most information on treatment of MBC is derived from large randomized trials carried out in female patients. The small numbers of MBC seen in any unit annually has precluded significant trials being carried out.Diagnosis and treatment of MBC is similar to that of female patients, but men tend to be treated with mastectomy rather than breast-conserving surgery. The mainstay of adjuvant therapy or palliative treatment for advanced disease is endocrine, mostly tamoxifen. Prognosis of male patients is equal to that of stage-matched women, but men tend to fare worse because of delay in presentation, leading to a large proportion of patients presenting with stage III or IV disease. Increased input is needed for psychological support for male breast cancer patients. Specific therapeutic questions about MBC need international trials to obtain meaningful answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- IS Fentiman
- Surgical Oncology, GKT School of Medicine, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Abstract
Occurrence of male breast cancer, a rare disease, peaks at age 71 years. Familial cases usually have BRCA2 rather than BRCA1 mutations. Occupational risks include high temperature environments and exhaust fumes, but electromagnetic fields have not been implicated. Hyperoestrogenisation resulting from Klinefelter's, gonadal dysfunction, obesity, or excess alcohol, all increase risk as does exposure to radiation, whereas gynaecomastia does not. Presentation is usually a lump or nipple inversion, but is often late, with more than 40% of individuals having stage III or IV disease. Most tumours are ductal and 10% are ductal carcinoma in situ. Surgery is usually mastectomy with axillary clearance or sentinel node biopsy. Indications for radiotherapy, by stage, are similar to female breast cancer. Because 90% of tumours are oestrogen-receptor-positive, tamoxifen is standard adjuvant therapy, but some individuals could also benefit from chemotherapy. Hormonal therapy is the main treatment for metastatic disease, but chemotherapy can also provide palliation. National initiatives are increasingly needed to improve information and support for male breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Fentiman
- Academic Oncology, Thomas Guy House, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Abstract
Abstract
Breast cancer in men is a rare disease, accounting for ∼1% of all breast cancer cases. Although the epidemiologic literature regarding female breast cancer is extensive, relatively little is known about the etiology of male breast cancer (MBC). This review is intended to summarize the existing body of evidence on genetic and epidemiologic risk factors for breast cancer in men. Overall, the epidemiology of MBC presents similarities with the epidemiology of female breast cancer. Major genetic factors associated with an increased risk of breast cancer for men include BRCA2 mutations, which are believed to account for the majority of inherited breast cancer in men, Klinefelter syndrome, and a positive family history. Suspected genetic factors include AR gene mutations, CYP17 polymorphism, Cowden syndrome, and CHEK2. Epidemiologic risk factors for MBC include disorders relating to hormonal imbalances, such as obesity, testicular disorders (e.g., cryptorchidism, mumps orchitis, and orchiectomy), and radiation exposure. Suspected epidemiologic risk factors include prostate cancer,prostate cancer treatment, gynecomastia, occupational exposures (e.g., electromagnetic fields, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and high temperatures), dietary factors (e.g., meat intake and fruit and vegetable consumption), and alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joli R. Weiss
- 1Department of Epidemiology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York and
| | - Kirsten B. Moysich
- 1Department of Epidemiology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York and
| | - Helen Swede
- 2Connecticut Tumor Registry, Hartford, Connecticut
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigations of breast cancer among men may provide clues for environmental and occupational risk factors that may be difficult to study in women, because of confounding or effect modification from reproductive female characteristics. The objective was to estimate occupation-specific risks of male breast cancer and to assess the effect of occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF). METHODS Standardized incidence ratios were computed for the period 1971-1989 among Swedish men who were 25-59 years of age at start of follow-up and gainfully employed in 1970. Log-linear Poisson models were fitted to adjust for geographical area. A job exposure matrix was used to classify occupational ELFMF exposure. RESULTS A marked and consistent excess risk was found for machinery repairers. Increased relative risks based on few cases were also noted for librarians/archivists/curators, bank employees, non-specified clerical workers, metal processing workers, tanners/fur dressers, policemen, and custom surveillance officials. The relative risk among subjects with an estimated ELFMF exposure above the first quartile (0.12 microT) was 1.31 (95% confidence interval = 0.94-1.81), without a clear exposure-response pattern. Indications of an exposure-response relationship were found in workers with intermittent ELFMF exposure. CONCLUSIONS The findings give no clear evidence for an etiological role of ELFMF in the development of breast cancer in men, but suggest that large variations in exposure over the work-day may be associated with an increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pollán
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Abstract
PURPOSE Several statements have been issued to the effect that no consistent, significant link has been demonstrated between cancer and electromagnetic fields (EMF). However, there continues to be much interest in a possible association with breast cancer, in part because breast cancer risk is substantially higher in industrialized countries than in other areas, and electric power generation and consumption is one of the hallmarks of industrialized societies. In 1987, Stevens proposed a biological mechanism whereby two products of electric power generation, EMF and light at night, might contribute to mammary carcinogenesis through inhibition of melatonin. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive review of the epidemiologic literature and hypothesized mechanisms pertaining to EMF exposure and the risk of breast cancer, in order to assess whether or not there was evidence to suggest a link between EMF and breast cancer. RESULTS Some occupational epidemiological studies have demonstrated an increased incidence of breast cancer among mainly male electrical workers. It has been difficult to study women, as few are employed in these types of occupations. In all, there have been eleven occupational studies related to breast cancer in women, and statistically significant risk ratios have been observed: 1.98 for pre-menopausal women in occupations with high EMF exposure in one study, 2.17 in all women who worked as telephone installers, repairers, and line workers in another study, and 1.65 for system analysts/ programmers, 1.40 for telegraph and radio operators, and 1.27 for telephone operators in a third study. However, six of the studies did not find any significant effects and two found effects only in subgroups. The results of the eight studies of residential exposure and four electric blanket studies have been inconsistent, with most not demonstrating any significant association. However, this might be attributed, at least to some extent, to difficulties in assessing residential exposure in these studies, as well as other methodological considerations. CONCLUSIONS The biologic plausibility of an association between EMF and breast cancer, coupled with suggestive data from occupational studies and unexplained high incidence rates of breast cancer, suggests that further investigation of this possible association is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Caplan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA
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Forssén UM, Feychting M, Rutqvist LE, Floderus B, Ahlbom A. Occupational and residential magnetic field exposure and breast cancer in females. Epidemiology 2000; 11:24-9. [PMID: 10615839 DOI: 10.1097/00001648-200001000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of occupational magnetic field exposure on breast cancer in females and to combine residential and occupational magnetic field exposure to reduce misclassification. The study was conducted as a case-control study within a population living within 300 meters of transmission lines in Sweden. We identified cases of breast cancer in females from the national cancer registry, and we selected one matched control per case at random. Residential exposure was estimated through calculations of the magnetic fields generated by power lines. We obtained information about occupation from censuses, and the occupations were linked to a job-exposure matrix that was based on magnetic field measurements. For occupational exposure to magnetic fields over 0.25 microT closest in time before diagnosis, the estimated relative risk was 1.0 [96% confidence interval (CI) = 0.6-1.7]. Women below age 50 years at diagnosis had a relative risk of 1.5 (95% CI = 0.6-3.5). For women below 50 years of age who had estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, there was a relative risk of 3.2 (95% CI = 0.5-18.9). The results for residential and occupational exposures combined showed similar results.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Forssén
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Brainard GC, Kavet R, Kheifets LI. The relationship between electromagnetic field and light exposures to melatonin and breast cancer risk: a review of the relevant literature. J Pineal Res 1999; 26:65-100. [PMID: 10100735 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.1999.tb00568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, breast cancer is the most common malignancy accounting for 20-32% of all female cancers. This review summarizes the peer-reviewed, published data pertinent to the hypothesis that increased breast cancer in industrialized countries is related to the increased use of electricity [Stevens, R.G., S. Davis 1996]. That hypothesis specifically proposes that increased exposure to light at night and electromagnetic fields (EMF) reduce melatonin production. Because some studies have shown that melatonin suppresses mammary tumorigenesis in rats and blocks estrogen-induced proliferation of human breast cancer cells in vitro, it is reasoned that decreased melatonin production leads to increased risk of breast cancer. To evaluate this hypothesis, the paper reviews epidemiological data on associations between electricity and breast cancer, and assesses the data on the effects of EMF exposure on melatonin physiology in both laboratory animals and humans. In addition, the results on the effects of melatonin on in vivo carcinogenesis in animals are detailed along with the controlled in vitro studies on melatonin's effects on human breast cancer cell lines. The literature is evaluated for strength of evidence, inter-relationships between various lines of evidence, and gaps in our knowledge. Based on the published data, it is currently unclear if EMF and electric light exposure are significant risk factors for breast cancer, but further study appears warranted. Given the ubiquitous nature of EMF and artificial light exposure along with the high incidence of breast cancer, even a small risk would have a substantial public health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia 19107, USA. george.brainardemail.tju.edu
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Beers GJ, Phillips JL, Prato FS, Nair I. BIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVEL ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1064-9689(21)00480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Coogan PF, Aschengrau A. Exposure to power frequency magnetic fields and risk of breast cancer in the Upper Cape Cod Cancer Incidence Study. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1998; 53:359-67. [PMID: 9766482 DOI: 10.1080/00039899809605722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigators used a population-based case-control study to evaluate the relationship between breast cancer risk and exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields from various sources. There was no increase in breast cancer risk associated with (a) holding a job with high (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4, 3.4) or medium (OR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.5, 1.7) exposure to magnetic fields; (b) living in a home heated electrically (OR = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.7, 1.4); or (c) sleeping with an electric blanket (OR = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.7, 1.4). There was a nonsignificant 50% increase in risk for subjects who lived within 152 m (500 ft) of an electricity transmission line or substation (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.6, 3.3). Although limited by small numbers and exposure misclassification, the data in this study did not support the hypothesis that exposure to 60-Hz magnetic fields increases the risk of breast cancer in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Coogan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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14
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Abstract
The increasing incidence of breast cancer in the United States and the international variation in risk have led to speculation that environmental risk factors are an important cause of breast cancer. We review the epidemiologic evidence on the breast cancer risk associated with ambient environmental exposures experienced passively by the US population, and discuss the difficulties associated with measurement of specific exposures in environmental studies. We review geographic variation of breast cancer rates in the United States, and exposure to organochlorines, ionizing and electromagnetic radiation, and passive smoking. Results are inconclusive but do not support a major role of environmental risk factors in the etiology of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although progress has been made in identifying personal risk factors and in improving treatment for female breast cancer, incidence rates continue to increase. With women now occupying a sizable fraction of the workforce, it is worth inquiring whether there are occupational risk factors for breast cancer. This is a review of occupational studies on female breast cancer. METHODS Suitable reports and published articles with associations of female breast cancer and occupation were identified from technical reports, by searching the MEDLINE bibliographic data base, and by reviewing each paper on cancer that was published in 20 major journals during the period from about 1971-94. RESULTS A total of 115 studies were identified; 19 studies relied exclusively on data collected for administrative purposes, and there were four incident case-control studies and 92 cohort studies. Although data for individual industries, occupations, and exposures were sparse, there was limited evidence of an association with employment in the pharmaceutical industry and among cosmetologists and beauticians. Associations were also found for chemists and occupations with possible exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, but potential methodological weaknesses preclude drawing any definite conclusions. There was little support for increased risks among textiles workers, dry cleaning workers, and nuclear industry workers. CONCLUSIONS Few high quality occupational studies directed specifically toward women have been carried out to allow the unambiguous identification of occupational risk factors for breast cancer. It is suggested that investigations that account for non-occupational risk factors and that assess exposure in a more detailed way be carried out. One strategy already suggested is to conduct population based, case-control studies in which subjects are interviewed about their occupational histories and exposure to chemical and physical agents which are then attributed from the job descriptions by a team of experts. These studies can then be supplemented when necessary with cohort studies of specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Goldberg
- Public Health Department, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Lambrozo J, Touitou Y, Dab W. Exploring the EMF-Melatonin Connection: A Review of the Possible Effects of 50/60-Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields on Melatonin Secretion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1996; 2:37-47. [PMID: 9933863 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.1996.2.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the experimental data about the relationship between exposure to 50/60-Hz electric and magnetic fields (EMF) and melatonin secretion by the pineal gland. The authors report their results and discuss possible health consequences, in the light of epidemiologic data suggesting that breast neoplasms and depressive disorders might be related to EMF. The nocturnal peak of melatonin has been reported to be diminished, or time-shifted, or both, in rodents exposed to electric and/or magnetic fields. Current experimental data from primates and humans are insufficient to show that this change occurs in them. Epidemiologic studies of associations between EMF exposure and breast cancer and between EMF exposure and depressive disorders suggest that modifications of melatonin secretion could be a biologic signal of these effects. Nonetheless, changes in melatonin secretion cannot yet be considered a verified biologic explanation of any such association.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lambrozo
- EDF-GDF Service des Etudes Médicales, 22-30, avenue de Wagram, 75382 Paris, France
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Schiffman JS, Lasch HM, Rollag MD, Flanders AE, Brainard GC, Burk DL. Effect of MR imaging on the normal human pineal body: measurement of plasma melatonin levels. J Magn Reson Imaging 1994; 4:7-11. [PMID: 8148559 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.1880040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of melatonin, a hormone synthesized and secreted by the pineal body, has been suppressed by electromagnetic fields in some but not all animal studies. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at 1.5 T was evaluated for its ability to modulate the level of melatonin in eight male volunteers. Subjects were exposed to three conditions, respectively, between 1:00 and 2:00 AM on different nights: (a) a series of routine MR pulse sequences for brain imaging in dark conditions, (b) dark control conditions, and (c) bright-light control conditions. Plasma was analyzed for melatonin and cortisol levels. Hormonal changes were analyzed by one-factor repeated measures within-subject analysis of variance. These conditions were associated with significant differences in melatonin levels: F(2, 6) = 7.95, and P = .021. Subjects exposed to darkness showed a typical increase in melatonin concentration. Subjects exposed to bright light showed a characteristic suppression of melatonin concentration. Those exposed to the MR imaging fields showed an increase in melatonin level similar to that seen in the dark control condition. Light and MR imaging had no significant effects on cortisol levels. Thus, MR imaging at field strengths known to modulate melatonin levels in rats did not suppress melatonin production in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Schiffman
- Department of Anatomy, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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