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Chaurasiya SP, Ghosh R. Low viscosity versus high viscosity PMMA bone cement for total joint arthroplasty: Influence of glass transition temperature, residual monomer content, transmittance of chemical functional groups, and crystallinity index on quasi-static flexural strength. FORCES IN MECHANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2023.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kyriazis A, Pommer C, Lohuis D, Rager K, Dietzel A, Sinapius M. Comparison of Different Cure Monitoring Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7301. [PMID: 36236400 PMCID: PMC9572520 DOI: 10.3390/s22197301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to measure the degree of cure of epoxy resins is an important prerequisite for making manufacturing processes for fibre-reinforced plastics controllable. Since a number of physical properties change during the curing reaction of epoxy resins, a wide variety of measurement methods exist. In this article, different methods for cure monitoring of epoxy resins are applied to a room-temperature curing epoxy resin and then directly compared. The methods investigated include a structure-borne sound acoustic, a dielectric, an optical and a strain-based observation method, which for the first time are measured simultaneously on one and the same resin sample. In addition, the degree of cure is determined using a kinetic resin model based on temperature measurement data. The comparison shows that the methods have considerable but well-explainable differences in their sensitivity, interference immunity and repeatability. Some measurement methods are only sensitive before and around the gel point, while the strain-based measurement method only reacts to the curing from the gel point onwards. These differences have to be taken into account when implementing a cure monitoring system. For this reason, a multi-sensor node is suitable for component-integrated curing monitoring, measuring several physical properties of the epoxy resin simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kyriazis
- Institut für Mechanik und Adaptronik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Pommer
- Institut für Mechanik und Adaptronik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - David Lohuis
- Institut für Mechanik und Adaptronik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Korbinian Rager
- Institut für Mikrotechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institut für Mikrotechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Sinapius
- Institut für Mechanik und Adaptronik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Nanostructured Strontium-Doped Calcium Phosphate Cements: A Multifactorial Design. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11052075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have been extensively studied in last decades as nanostructured biomaterials for the regeneration of bone defects, both for dental and orthopedic applications. However, the precise control of their handling properties (setting time, viscosity, and injectability) still represents a remarkable challenge because a complicated adjustment of multiple correlated processing parameters is requested, including powder particle size and the chemical composition of solid and liquid components. This study proposes, for the first time, a multifactorial investigation about the effects of powder and liquid variation on the final performance of Sr-doped apatitic CPCs, based on the Design of Experiment approach. In addition, the effects of two mixing techniques, hand spatula (low-energy) and planetary shear mixing (high-energy), on viscosity and extrusion force were compared. This work aims to shed light on the various steps involved in the processing of CPCs, thus enabling a more precise and tailored design of the device, based on the clinical need.
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Taddei P, Affatato S. Comparative Raman study on the molecular structure and IN VIVO wear of poly(methyl methacrylate)-based devices used as temporary knee prostheses: Effect of the antibiotic. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 116:104328. [PMID: 33508557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The infection rate of total knee arthroplasty is still high, in spite of the high success of this surgical procedure. The use of an antibiotic-loaded temporary spacer made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been proposed to treat infected knee arthroplasties. This study was aimed at comparatively investigating, on a molecular scale, two types of spacers from the same manufacturer (Spacer K and Vancogenx-space knee, Tecres, Italy), which differ for the added antibiotic (gentamicin sulphate in Spacer K and gentamicin sulphate + vancomycin hydrochloride in Vancogenx). Raman spectroscopy was used to gain more insights into the possible effects of the antibiotic on the spacer composition and polymer structure both in the new components and after in vivo use. Vancogenx was found to contain a lower residual MMA content than Spacer K (about 0.15% versus 0.4%). The former contained a higher amount of isotactic stereosequences than the latter, while the syndiotactic content (the prevailing component) was not significantly different in the two prostheses. The presence of vancomycin hydrochloride influenced not only the degree of polymerization and PMMA tacticity and crystallinity, but in turn also the wear behavior. Actually, Spacer K retrievals were found more affected by in vivo implantation than Vancogenx-space knee ones, revealing slight variations in polymer tacticity and crystallinity and relative radiopacifier content, besides release of MMA and additives of polymerization. However, these changes did not appear worrisome, due to the temporary nature of the prosthesis. In view of these results, the addition of vancomycin hydrochloride could offer an advantage, in spite of the higher costs requested and the potential risks of its unselective use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Taddei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 8/2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Saverio Affatato
- Laboratorio di Tecnologia Medica, IRCCS - Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Hagan CP, Orr JF, Mitchell CA, Dunne NJ. Critical evaluation of pulse-echo ultrasonic test method for the determination of setting and mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement: influence of mixing technique. ULTRASONICS 2015; 56:279-286. [PMID: 25260486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Currently there is no reliable objective method to quantify the setting properties of acrylic bone cements within an operating theatre environment. Ultrasonic technology can be used to determine the acoustic properties of the polymerising bone cement, which are linked to material properties and provide indications of the physical and chemical changes occurring within the cement. The focus of this study was the critical evaluation of pulse-echo ultrasonic test method in determining the setting and mechanical properties of three different acrylic bone cement when prepared under atmospheric and vacuum mixing conditions. Results indicated that the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique provided a highly reproducible and accurate method of monitoring the polymerisation reaction and indicating the principal setting parameters when compared to ISO 5833 standard, irrespective of the acrylic bone cement or mixing method used. However, applying the same test method to predict the final mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement did not prove a wholly accurate approach. Inhomogeneities within the cement microstructure and specimen geometry were found to have a significant influence on mechanical property predictions. Consideration of all the results suggests that the non-invasive and non-destructive pulse-echo ultrasonic test method is an effective and reliable method for following the full polymerisation reaction of acrylic bone cement in real-time and then determining the setting properties within a surgical theatre environment. However the application of similar technology for predicting the final mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement on a consistent basis may prove difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Hagan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, UK
| | - John F Orr
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, UK
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BP, UK
| | - Nicholas J Dunne
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AH, UK.
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Clements J, Walker G, Pentlavalli S, Dunne N. Optimisation of a two-liquid component pre-filled acrylic bone cement system: a design of experiments approach to optimise cement final properties. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:2287-2296. [PMID: 25005558 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The initial composition of acrylic bone cement along with the mixing and delivery technique used can influence its final properties and therefore its clinical success in vivo. The polymerisation of acrylic bone cement is complex with a number of processes happening simultaneously. Acrylic bone cement mixing and delivery systems have undergone several design changes in their advancement, although the cement constituents themselves have remained unchanged since they were first used. This study was conducted to determine the factors that had the greatest effect on the final properties of acrylic bone cement using a pre-filled bone cement mixing and delivery system. A design of experiments (DoE) approach was used to determine the impact of the factors associated with this mixing and delivery method on the final properties of the cement produced. The DoE illustrated that all factors present within this study had a significant impact on the final properties of the cement. An optimum cement composition was hypothesised and tested. This optimum recipe produced cement with final mechanical and thermal properties within the clinical guidelines and stated by ISO 5833 (International Standard Organisation (ISO), International standard 5833: implants for surgery-acrylic resin cements, 2002), however the low setting times observed would not be clinically viable and could result in complications during the surgical technique. As a result further development would be required to improve the setting time of the cement in order for it to be deemed suitable for use in total joint replacement surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Clements
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, BT9 5AH, UK
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Hagan CP, Orr JF, Mitchell CA, Dunne NJ. Real time monitoring of the polymerisation of PMMA bone cement using Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2009; 20:2427-2431. [PMID: 19655236 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3822-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation Raman spectroscopy was shown to be a method that could be used to monitor the polymerisation of PMMA bone cement. Presently there is no objective method that orthopaedic surgeons can use to quantify the curing process of cement during surgery. Raman spectroscopy is a non-invasive, non-destructive technique that could offer such an option. Two commercially available bone cements (Palacos R and SmartSet HV) and different storage conditions (4 and 22 degrees C) were used to validate the technique. Raman spectroscopy was found to be repeatable across all conditions with the completion of the polymerisation process particularly easy to establish. All tests were benchmarked against current temperature monitoring methods outlined in ISO and ASTM standards. There was found to be close agreement with the standard methods and the Raman spectroscopy used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Hagan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Boyd D, Towler MR, Wren A, Clarkin OM. Comparison of an experimental bone cement with surgical Simplex P, Spineplex and Cortoss. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:1745-1752. [PMID: 18197364 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cements and more recently Bisphenol-a-glycidyl dimethacrylate (BIS-GMA) composite cements are employed in procedures such as vertebroplasty. Unfortunately, such materials have inherent drawbacks including, a high curing exotherm, the incorporation of toxic components in their formulations, and critically, exhibit a modulus mismatch between cement and bone. The literature suggests that aluminium free, zinc based glass polyalkenoate cements (Zn-GPC) may be suitable alternative materials for consideration in such applications as vertebroplasty. This paper, examines one formulation of Zn-GPC and compares its strengths, modulus, and biocompatibility with three commercially available bone cements, Spineplex, Simplex P and Cortoss. The setting times indicate that the current formulation of Zn-GPC sets in a time unsuitable for clinical deployment. However during setting, the peak exotherm was recorded to be 33 degrees C, the lowest of all cements examined, and well below the threshold level for tissue necrosis to occur. The data obtained from mechanical testing shows the Zn-GPC has strengths of 63 MPa in compression and 30 MPa in biaxial flexure. Importantly these strengths remain stable with maturation; similar long term stability was exhibited by both Spineplex and Simplex P. Conversely, the strengths of Cortoss were observed to rapidly diminish with time, a cause for clinical concern. In addition to strengths, the modulus of each material was determined. Only the Zn-GPC exhibited a modulus similar to vertebral trabecular bone, with all commercial materials exhibiting excessively high moduli. Such data indicates that the use of Zn-GPC may reduce adjacent fractures. The final investigation used the well established simulated body fluid (SBF) method to examine the ability of each material to bond with bone. The results indicate that the Zn-GPC is capable of producing a bone like apatite layer at its surface within 24 h which increased in coverage and density up to 7 days. Conversely, Spineplex, and Simplex P exhibit no apatite layer formation, while Cortoss exhibits only minimal formation of an apatite layer after 7 days incubation in SBF. This paper shows that Zn-GPC, with optimised setting times, are suitable candidate materials for further development as bone cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boyd
- Materials & Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, National Technological Park, Limerick, Ireland.
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Li C, Kotha S, Huang CH, Mason J, Yakimicki D, Hawkins M. Finite element thermal analysis of bone cement for joint replacements. J Biomech Eng 2003; 125:315-22. [PMID: 12929235 DOI: 10.1115/1.1571853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A finite element technique was developed to investigate the thermal behavior of bone cement in joint replacement procedures. Thermal tests were designed and performed to provide the parameters in a kinetic model of bone cement exothermic polymerization. The kinetic model was then coupled with an energy balance equation using a finite element formulation to predict the temperature history and polymerization development in the bone-cement-prosthesis system. Based on the temperature history, the possibility of the thermal bone necrosis was then evaluated. As a demonstration, the effect of cement mantle thickness on the thermal behavior of the system was investigated. The temperature profiles in the bone-cement-prosthesis system have shown that the thicker the cement, the higher the peak temperature in the bone. In the 7 mm thick cement case, a peak temperature of over 55 degrees C was predicted. These high temperatures occurred in a small region near the bone/cement interface. No damage was predicted in the 3 mm and 5 mm cement mantle thickness cases. Although thermal damage was predicted in the bone for the 7 mm mantle thickness case, the amount of thermal necrosis predicted was minimal. If more cement is used in the surgical procedure, more heat will be generated and the potential for thermal bone damage may rise. The systems should be carefully selected to reduce thermal tissue damage when more cement is used. The methodology developed in this paper provides a numerical tool for the quantitative simulation of the thermal behavior of bone-cement-prosthesis designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodi Li
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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