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Zhang H, Wang X, Guo Y, Liu X, Zhao X, Teka T, Lv C, Han L, Huang Y, Pan G. Thirteen bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids in five Chinese medicinal plants: Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113566. [PMID: 33166629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RELEVANCE Bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBIQ) alkaloids are generally present in plants of Berberidaceae, Monimiaceae and Ranunculaceae families in tropical and subtropical regions. Some species of these families are used in traditional Chinese medicine, with the effects of clearing away heat and detoxification, promoting dampness and defecation, and eliminating sores and swelling. This article offers essential data focusing on 13 representative BBIQ compounds, which are mainly extracted from five plants. The respective botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity are summarized comprehensively. In addition, the ADME prediction of the 13 BBIQ alkaloids is compared and analyzed with the data obtained. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have conducted a systematic review of the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of BBIQ alkaloids based on literatures collected from PubMed, Web of Science and Elsevier during 1999-2020. ACD/Percepta software was utilized to predict the pharmacokinetic parameters of BBIQ alkaloids and their affinity with enzymes and transporters. RESULTS Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacokinetic and toxicity of 13 alkaloids, namely, tetrandrine, dauricine, curine, trilobine, isotrilobine, cepharanthine, daurisoline, thalicarpine, thalidasine, isotetrandrine, liensinine, neferine and isoliensinine, have been summarized in this paper. It can't be denied that these alkaloids are important material basis of pharmacological effects of family Menispermaceae and others, and for traditional and local uses which has been basically reproduced in the current studies. The 13 BBIQ alkaloids in this paper showed strong affinity and inhibitory effect on P-glycoprotein (P-gp), with poor oral absorption and potent binding ability with plasma protein. BBIQ alkaloids represented by tetrandrine play a key role in regulating P-gp or reversing multidrug resistance (MDR) in a variety of tumors. The irrationality of their usage could pose a risk of poisoning in vivo, including renal and liver toxicity, which are related to the formation of quinone methide during metabolism. CONCLUSION Although there is no further clinical evaluation of BBIQ alkaloids as MDR reversal agents, their effects on P-gp should not be ignored. Considering their diverse distribution, pharmacokinetic characteristics and toxicity reported during clinical therapy, the quality standards in different plant species and the drug dosage remain unresolved problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Yaqing Guo
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Xizi Zhao
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Tekleab Teka
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China
| | - Chunxiao Lv
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-300250, China
| | - Lifeng Han
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-301617, China.
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-300250, China
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin-300250, China.
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Jiang Y, Liu M, Liu H, Liu S. A critical review: traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (Fen Fang Ji). PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2020; 19:449-489. [PMID: 32336965 PMCID: PMC7180683 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-020-09673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Stephania tetrandra S. Moore (S. tetrandra) is distributed widely in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa. The root of this plant is known in Chinese as "Fen Fang Ji". It is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat arthralgia caused by rheumatism, wet beriberi, dysuria, eczema and inflamed sores. Although promising reports have been published on the various chemical constituents and activities of S. tetrandra, no review comprehensively summarizes its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Therefore, the review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive evaluation of the traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, pharmacokinetics and toxicology of S. tetrandra in China, and meaningful guidelines for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
| | - Shao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
- Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 China
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Yuan SY, Yang CR, Cheng CL, Hsu SL, Liao JW, Lin CC, Chou YY, Cheng YW. Comparative Nephrotoxicity of Aristolochic Acid and Tetrandrine In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:35-46. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810387164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aristolochic acid (AA) and tetrandrine (TET) are the major bioactive components in Chinese herbs used for weight loss. The nephropathy caused by the 2 Chinese herbs has not been simultaneously investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the potential nephrotoxicity of AA and TET using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and mice. The results showed that TET was more potent than AA in inhibiting MDCK cell growth via inducing apoptosis, as determined by annexin-V staining, 4’, 6’-diamino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, DNA fragmentation, and caspase 3 activity. Mice treated with AA (10 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal administration for 3 months showed nephrotoxicity, elevated blood urea nitrogen, and increased renal tubular injuries. In contrast, mice treated with 50 mg/kg of TET in the same time period had moderate hydropic degeneration of the distal tubules in the kidneys. These results suggest that TET is more cytotoxic than AA in MDCK cells but shows less nephrotoxic than AA in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheau-Yun Yuan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Rei Yang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Li Cheng
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Lan Hsu
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Wang Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Education and Research, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Yi Chou
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Cheng
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chang KH, Liao HF, Chang HH, Chen YY, Yu MC, Chou CJ, Chen YJ. Inhibitory effect of tetrandrine on pulmonary metastases in CT26 colorectal adenocarcinoma-bearing BALB/c mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2005; 32:863-72. [PMID: 15673192 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x04002478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is a major cause of mortality in cancer patients. The anti-metastatic effect of tetrandrine, an alkaloid isolated from Stephania tetrandrae S. Moore, was investigated in a pulmonary metastatic model of colorectal cancer-bearing mice. Tetrandrine decreased the viability of murine colorectal adenocarcinoma CT26 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. CT26 cells were injected into BALB/c mice via a tail vein to establish pulmonary metastases. After this, the mice were given intraperitoneal injections of tetrandrine (10 mg/kg/day), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) at the same dose, or vehicle for 5 consecutive days. Mice treated with tetrandrine had 40.3% fewer metastases than vehicle-treated mice, and those treated with 5-FU had 36.9% fewer metastases than controls. Both tetrandrine- and 5-FU-treated mice survived longer than mice in the untreated control group. There was no acute toxicity or obvious changes in body weight in any of the mice. These results suggest that tetrandrine may be a useful anti-metastatic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou-Hwa Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Moore FR, Urda GA, Krishna G, Theiss JC. An in vivo/in vitro method for assessing micronucleus and chromosome aberration induction in rat bone marrow and spleen. 1. Studies with cyclophosphamide. Mutat Res 1995; 335:191-9. [PMID: 7477050 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1161(95)90055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mouse micronucleus assay has long been used as an indicator of in vivo genotoxicity. Recently, it was shown that no single protocol is adequate to detect all clastogens. As a first step in developing a potentially more sensitive assay, micronucleus induction by cyclophosphamide (CP) was assessed in an in vivo/in vitro system using rat bone marrow and spleen cells. In each of two independent experiments, two rats/dose were treated i.p. with 0, 20, or 40 mg CP/kg and killed 6 h later. Cultures were then established in the presence of growth stimulants (interleukin-3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor for bone marrow; lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin A for spleen) and cytochalasin B, a cytokinesis inhibitor. Bone marrow cells were harvested and slides prepared 24 h after initiation, while spleen cells were harvested at 48 h. One thousand cells/tissue/group were scored for cell cycle kinetics and 1000 binucleate (BN) cells were scored for micronuclei. In addition, spleen cells were concurrently assayed for chromosome aberrations. A dose-related cell cycle delay was observed in both tissues in both experiments. Bone marrow showed a 6% average background frequency of micronucleated BN cells, while the low dose induced an average of 20%, and the high dose 31%. For spleen, the average control frequency of micronucleated BN cells was 3%, the low dose induced a 40% average frequency, and the high dose 65%. Also in splenocytes, a dose-dependent increase in chromosome aberrations was observed, with an almost 40-fold increase observed over the control value at the high dose. Thus, the in vivo/in vitro approach described here shows great potential in detecting drug induced genotoxicity. Also, spleen appears more sensitive than bone marrow to CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Moore
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Toxicology, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Salamone MF, Mavournin KH. Bone marrow micronucleus assay: a review of the mouse stocks used and their published mean spontaneous micronucleus frequencies. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1994; 23:239-273. [PMID: 8013472 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850230402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have examined published negative control data from 581 papers on micronucleated bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes (mnPCE) for differences in mean frequency and the frequency distribution profile among the mouse stocks used with the bone marrow micronucleus assay. For the 55 mouse stocks with published micronucleus assay data, the overall mean frequency is 1.95 mnPCE/1,000 PCE (1.95 mnPCE/1,000); for the 13 stocks most commonly used in the assay, it is 1.88 mnPCE/1,000. During the last 5 years, the mnPCE rate for these 13 major stocks has been 1.74 mnPCE/1,000. This current mean frequency is a substantial decrease from the mean of 3.07 mnPCE/1,000 observed for these 13 stocks for data published prior to 1981. Of the major stocks, the highest mean mnPCE negative control frequencies were observed for MS/Ae > BALB/c > C57Bl/6, and the lowest for CD-1 < Swiss Webster. We note that hybrid mouse stocks appear to have lower and less variable negative control frequencies than either of their parent strains and that the negative control frequency for some progeny stocks have diverged significantly from that of the parent stocks. Overall mean negative control frequencies appear to be correlated with breadth of the frequency distribution profile of published mean negative control values. Furthermore, a possible correlation between negative control frequency in the micronucleus assay and sensitivity to clastogens of different mouse strains may be indicated. The databases generated here allow us to define a range of norms for both the historical mean frequency and individual experimental mean frequencies for most stocks, but in particular, for the more commonly used mouse stocks. Our analysis, for the most part, bears out the recommendation of the first Gene-Tox Report on the micronucleus assay that the historical negative control frequency for a mouse stock should fall between 1 and 3 mnPCE/1,000. Eighty-six percent of the most commonly used mouse stocks have historical mean frequencies within this range. Though individual experimental mean values would not necessarily be expected to fall within the 1-3.00 mnPCE/1,000 range, 65.3% of the 2,327 published negative control values do, and 83.5% are < 3 mnPCE/1,000. The frequency with which an individual experimental mean value lies outside the 1.00 to 3.00 mnPCE/1,000 range differs among stocks and appears related to the mouse mean frequency. We suggest that the recommended range for historical mean frequency be extended slightly, to approximately 3.4 mnPCE/1,000, to accommodate some commonly used strains with overall mean negative control frequencies just above 3.00 mnPCE/1,000.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Salamone
- Biohazard Laboratory, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Energy, Toronto, Canada
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Ciaravino V, Suto MJ, Theiss JC. High capacity in vitro micronucleus assay for assessment of chromosome damage: results with quinolone/naphthyridone antibacterials. Mutat Res 1993; 298:227-36. [PMID: 7678158 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(93)90001-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A high capacity in vitro micronucleus assay was developed to evaluate the ability of selected 6-fluorinated quinolone and naphthyridone antibacterial compounds to induce micronuclei (MN) in vitro in V79 Chinese hamster lung cells. Log-phase cells in six-well cluster dishes were exposed for 3 h in the absence of S9 to 34 compounds. After treatment, cells were refed with media containing cytochalasin B, incubated for 16 h, and harvested for cell-cycle kinetics (CCK) and MN analyses. The quinolones tested were grouped according to the substituent at the 8-position. All 4 compounds having a halogen substitution at position 8, five of the six 8-trifluoromethyl quinolones, and all eight 8-methoxy-substituted compounds induced a significant increase in MN. Only 5 of the 10 naphthyridone compounds tested, having a variety of substituents at the 7-position, were inducers of MN and the overall magnitude of the response was less than with the quinolones. The minimum clastogenic concentration for the quinolones ranged from 4 to 400 micrograms/ml and for the naphthyridones this range was from 22.5 to 100 micrograms/ml. In the groups examined, napthyridone compounds were less likely than quinolones to induce in vitro MN, particularly when the substituent at the 7-position in the naphthyridone contains some bulk (methyl groups) around the amine side-chain. Most of the quinolones tested induced MN, irrespective of the substituents at positions 7 or 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ciaravino
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Toxicology, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Company, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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Rosenkranz HS, Klopman G. Novel structural concepts in elucidating the potential genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of tetrandrine, a traditional herbal drug. Mutat Res 1990; 244:265-71. [PMID: 2385241 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(90)90071-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tetrandrine, a widely used remedy, is predicted to be a 'genotoxic' carcinogen. This finding suggests that the usage of this substance in non-life-threatening situations should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Rosenkranz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Whong WZ, Stewart JD, Ong T. Use of rat primary lung cells for studying genotoxicity with the sister-chromatid exchange and micronucleus assays. Mutat Res 1990; 241:7-13. [PMID: 2333086 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(90)90104-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Primary culture of lung cells from CD rats was established for pulmonary genotoxicity studies using two genetic endpoints, sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronucleus formation (MN). In the cell isolation study, a combined enzyme separation of rat lungs with trypsin (1.3 mg/ml) plus collagenase (50 U/ml) gave the highest yield of viable and colony-forming cells. For the MN assay, the cytokinesis block induced by cytochalasin B (CYB) was employed to enumerate MN in binucleated (BN) cells. Treatment of primary lung cells with 2 micrograms CYB/ml for two days appeared to be optimal for scoring micronuclei in CYB-induced BN cells. By this procedure, mitomycin C (MMC), triethylenemelamine, and benzo[a]pyrene caused a dose-related increase in micronucleated BN cells in vitro without metabolic activation. In the SCE assay, maximum second-division metaphases were obtained after cells were incubated with bromodeoxyuridine for 48-54 h. After this incubation time, high frequencies of SCE induced by MMC and 3-methylcholanthrene after in vitro exposure (without S9 activation) or in vivo exposure were observed. The results indicate that rat primary lung cells can metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and that this lung cell system is potentially useful for the detection of pulmonary genotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Z Whong
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505-2888
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