Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against bovine myeloperoxidase

Myeloperoxidase as an Active Disease Biomarker: Recent Biochemical and Pathological Perspectives

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) belongs to the family of heme-containing peroxidases, produced mostly from polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The active enzyme (150 kDa) is the product of the MPO gene located on long arm of chromosome 17. The primary gene product undergoes several modifications, such as the removal of introns and signal peptides, and leads to the formation of enzymatically inactive glycosylated apoproMPO which complexes with chaperons, producing inactive proMPO by the insertion of a heme moiety. The active enzyme is a homodimer of heavy and light chain protomers. This enzyme is released into the extracellular fluid after oxidative stress and different inflammatory responses. Myeloperoxidase is the only type of peroxidase that uses H₂O₂ to oxidize several halides and pseudohalides to form different hypohalous acids. So, the antibacterial activities of MPO involve the production of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Controlled MPO release at the site of infection is of prime importance for its efficient activities. Any uncontrolled degranulation exaggerates the inflammation and can also lead to tissue damage even in absence of inflammation. Several types of tissue injuries and the pathogenesis of several other major chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, diabetes, and cancer have been reported to be linked with MPO-derived oxidants. Thus, the enhanced level of MPO activity is one of the best diagnostic tools of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers among these commonly-occurring diseases.

Respiratory burst activity of phagocytic cells isolated from the mammary glands and blood of camels (Camelus bactrianus)

The oxidative burst activity of phagocytic cells isolated from camel blood and mammary glands was studied using a chemiluminescence (Cl) assay. The polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) isolated from camel blood mounted a luminol-dependent Cl response upon stimulation with opsonized zymosan or opsonized Staphylococcus aureus. These responses showed an overall similarity to those described in other mammalian species. The leucocytes isolated from the mammary glands mounted Cl responses similar to those observed with blood PMNL but to a lower magnitude. Like the Cl responses of blood cells, the Cl responses induced by mammary gland leucocytes were associated with degranulation and the release of lysosomal enzymes such as myeloperoxidase (MPO).

A sensitive double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay for bovine myeloperoxidase and its application to serum and neutrophil extracts

The heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), with a spectral A430/A280 ratio > 0.78, was purified from isolated bovine neutrophils. Using highly specific anti-MPO monoclonal and anti-MPO polyclonal antibodies raised against MPO, a specific and sensitive double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was developed to measure bovine MPO in serum and neutrophil extracts. The ELISA shows good precision and accuracy, with intra- and interassay coefficients of variation of < 10% for MPO concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 50 ng/ml. The accuracy of the ELISA for measuring MPO in bovine serum was further confirmed by the similarity between the standard curve and curves obtained with successive dilutions of MPO-rich serum samples. The mean analytical recovery of MPO from serum was approximately 90%. Long delays between blood sampling and serum preparation were found to affect the level of MPO in the serum. Mean MPO values in the serum of healthy adult cows were 6.5 ng/ml, with a range of 3.5-15.3 ng/ml. In dairy cows with acute mastitis, mean serum MPO values were approximately 30 ng/ml, with a range of 6.0-59.6 ng/ml, and the elevation was markedly higher than the normal values (P = 0.0001). In isolated neutrophils from healthy cattle, MPO concentrations were found to be 7 x 10(-4) ng, with a range of 6.5-8.3 x 10(-4) ng/neutrophil. The ELISA was used to study the distribution of MPO in the bovine neutrophil granules; it was found to be localized to one distinct compartment.