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Wang LX, Liao WJ, Jiang YH, Chen C, Lu WS, Yin F, Ning HY. Gene mutation landscape of a rare patient with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia after treatment of intracranial germ cell tumor. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1093434. [PMID: 37228497 PMCID: PMC10203525 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1093434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction It was first reported that germ cell tumor patients suffer from hematologic malignancies 37 years ago. Since then, the number of relevant reports has increased each year, with most cases being mediastinal germ cell tumor. Theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, including a shared origin of progenitor cells, the effects of treatment, and independent development. However, up to now, no widely accepted explanation exists. The case with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and intracranial germ cell tumor has never been reported before and the association is far less known. Methods We used whole exome sequencing and gene mutation analysis to study the relationship between intracranial germ cell tumor and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia of our patient. Results We report a patient who developed acute megakaryoblastic leukemia after treatment for an intracranial germ cell tumor. Through whole exome sequencing and gene mutation analysis, we identified that both tumors shared the same mutation genes and mutation sites, suggesting they originated from the same progenitor cells and differentiated in the later stage. Discussion Our findings provide the first evidence supporting the theory that acute megakaryoblastic leukemia and intracranial germ cell tumor has the same progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Hematology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Jie Liao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Hua Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Peking University-The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang-Sheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Yong Ning
- Department of Pathology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Spencer Chapman M, May PC, Olavarria E, Nadal Melsio E. Three distinct hematological malignancies from a single germ cell tumor: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2020; 14:222. [PMID: 33198808 PMCID: PMC7670628 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-020-02558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between non seminomatous germ cell tumors (GCTs) and hematological malignancies of rare lineage has been described in the literature. In some of these cases there is evidence that the leukemia derives from a pluripotent primitive clone present in the original germ cell tumor. Case presentation We present a highly unusual case of a 23-year-old man of South Asian origin with a history of Klinefelter’s syndrome who initially developed mediastinal non seminomatous GCT. Following treatment with surgery and standard chemotherapy he went on to develop three different hematological malignancies of distinct lineages in sequential fashion over a short time period. Despite treatment with multiple intensive chemotherapy regimens and a matched unrelated donor allogeneic stem cell transplant, he died 41 months after initial diagnosis of his GCT and 10 months after the first diagnosis of hematological malignancy. Conclusions This is an extreme case that highlights the pluripotency and aggressiveness of these GCT-derived hematological malignancies, and the need for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Spencer Chapman
- Cancer, Ageing & Somatic Mutation Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK. .,Haematology Department, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - P C May
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - E Olavarria
- Haematology Department, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - E Nadal Melsio
- SIHMDS, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial NHS Trust, London, UK
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3
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Mukherjee S, Ibrahimi S, John S, Adnan MM, Scordino T, Khalil MO, Cherry M. Non-seminomatous mediastinal germ cell tumor and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2017; 96:1435-1439. [PMID: 28578457 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-017-3037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The association between mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCT) and acute megakaryoblastic (M7) leukemia has been known for many years. We hereby present this review to better characterize the coexistence of these entities as well as the salient features, the treatment options, and the overall prognosis. A search of PUBMED, Medline, and EMBASE databases via OVID engine for primary articles and case reports under keywords "germ cell tumors" and "acute myeloid leukemia" revealed a total of 26 cases in English that reported MGCT and M7 leukemia. The median age at diagnosis of MGCT was 24 (13-36) years. All cases were stage III. All cases of MGCT were of non-seminomatous origin and one case was unclassified. MGCT occurred prior to the diagnosis of leukemia in 46% of cases and concomitantly in 31% of cases. M7 leukemia was never reported prior to the appearance of MGCT. Complex cytogenetics and hyperdiploidy were the most commonly reported cytogenetic abnormalities. In the 23 cases where the treatment regimen was available, platinum-based chemotherapy directed towards management of the germ cell tumors was used initially in 21 cases and leukemia-directed treatment was used initially in 2 cases only. The median time from diagnosis of MGCT to development of M7 leukemia was 5 (2.25-39) months. Median time to death from the initial diagnosis of MGCT was 6 (0.5-60) months. Patients with a history of MGCT are at higher risk of developing M7 leukemia. They need long-term follow-up with a particular attention to the development of hematological malignancies. The overall prognosis remains poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbajit Mukherjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 N.E.10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Sami Ibrahimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 N.E.10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sonia John
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 N.E.10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mohammed Muqeet Adnan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Teresa Scordino
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mohammad O Khalil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 N.E.10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mohamad Cherry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 N.E.10th Street, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Ratajczak MZ. Why are hematopoietic stem cells so 'sexy'? on a search for developmental explanation. Leukemia 2017; 31:1671-1677. [PMID: 28502982 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that normal human and murine hematopoietic stem cells express several functional pituitary and gonadal sex hormones, and that, in fact, some sex hormones, such as androgens, have been employed for many years to stimulate hematopoiesis in patients with bone marrow aplasia. Interestingly, sex hormone receptors are also expressed by leukemic cell lines and blasts. In this review, I will discuss the emerging question of why hematopoietic cells express these receptors. A tempting hypothetical explanation for this phenomenon is that hematopoietic stem cells are related to subpopulation of migrating primordial germ cells. To support of this notion, the anatomical sites of origin of primitive and definitive hematopoiesis during embryonic development are tightly connected with the migratory route of primordial germ cells: from the proximal epiblast to the extraembryonic endoderm at the bottom of the yolk sac and then back to the embryo proper via the primitive streak to the aorta-gonado-mesonephros (AGM) region on the way to the genital ridges. The migration of these cells overlaps with the emergence of primitive hematopoiesis in the blood islands at the bottom of the yolk sac, and definitive hematopoiesis that occurs in hemogenic endothelium in the embryonic dorsal aorta in AGM region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
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Maese L, Li KD, Xu X, Afify Z, Paxton CN, Putnam A. Acute Leukemia and Concurrent Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumor: Case Report and Literature Review. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2017; 36:168-176. [PMID: 28103116 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2016.1273983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a known association of primary nonseminomatous mediastinal germ cell tumors (NSMGCT) and hematologic malignancy in younger males not linked to treatment. When combined these two rare entities convey a very poor prognosis. Here we report a 16-year-old male with an anterior mediastinal mass diagnosed as a malignant germ cell tumor based on elevation of serologic markers. He was found to have acute leukemia with megakaryocytic differentiation several days later. We focus our report on the pathologic findings, including a review of the literature, and a novel molecular analysis of the germ cell tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Maese
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA.,b Division of Hematology/Oncology , Primary Children's Hospital , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| | - K David Li
- c Department of Pathology , University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA.,d ARUP Laboratories , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| | - Xinjie Xu
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA.,d ARUP Laboratories , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| | - Zeinab Afify
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA.,b Division of Hematology/Oncology , Primary Children's Hospital , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| | - Christian N Paxton
- e Pathology, ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
| | - Angelica Putnam
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA.,b Division of Hematology/Oncology , Primary Children's Hospital , Salt Lake City , Utah , USA
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Lu C, Riedell P, Miller CA, Hagemann IS, Westervelt P, Ozenberger BA, O'Laughlin M, Magrini V, Demeter RT, Duncavage EJ, Griffith M, Griffith OL, Wartman LD. A common founding clone with TP53 and PTEN mutations gives rise to a concurrent germ cell tumor and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud 2016; 2:a000687. [PMID: 27148581 PMCID: PMC4849848 DOI: 10.1101/mcs.a000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the findings from a patient who presented with a concurrent mediastinal germ cell tumor (GCT) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Bone marrow pathology was consistent with a diagnosis of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AML M7), and biopsy of an anterior mediastinal mass was consistent with a nonseminomatous GCT. Prior studies have described associations between hematological malignancies, including AML M7 and nonseminomatous GCTs, and it was recently suggested that a common founding clone initiated both cancers. We performed enhanced exome sequencing on the GCT and the AML M7 from our patient to define the clonal relationship between the two cancers. We found that both samples contained somatic mutations in PTEN (C136R missense) and TP53 (R213 frameshift). The mutations in PTEN and TP53 were present at ∼100% variant allele frequency (VAF) in both tumors. In addition, we detected and validated five other shared somatic mutations. The copy-number analysis of the AML exome data revealed an amplification of Chromosome 12p. We also identified a heterozygous germline variant in FANCA (S858R), which is known to be associated with Fanconi anemia but is of uncertain significance here. In summary, our data not only support a common founding clone for these cancers but also suggest that a specific set of distinct genomic alterations (in PTEN and TP53) underlies the rare association between GCT and AML. This association is likely linked to the treatment resistance and extremely poor outcome of these patients. We cannot resolve the clonal evolution of these tumors given limitations of our data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Lu
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Peter Riedell
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A Miller
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;; Division of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Ian S Hagemann
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Peter Westervelt
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Bradley A Ozenberger
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Michelle O'Laughlin
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Vincent Magrini
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Ryan T Demeter
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Eric J Duncavage
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Malachi Griffith
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Obi L Griffith
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;; Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Lukas D Wartman
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA;; Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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7
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Bhartiya D. Ubiquitous expression of FSH/LH/hCG receptors, OCT-4, and CD133 in adult organs and cancers reflects novel VSELs biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrhm.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Abdelbaset-Ismail A, Suszynska M, Borkowska S, Adamiak M, Ratajczak J, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Human haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells express several functional sex hormone receptors. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:134-46. [PMID: 26515267 PMCID: PMC4717849 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that murine haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) share several markers with the germline, a connection supported by recent reports that pituitary and gonadal sex hormones (SexHs) regulate development of murine HSPCs. It has also been reported that human HSPCs, like their murine counterparts, respond to certain SexHs (e.g. androgens). However, to better address the effects of SexHs, particularly pituitary SexHs, on human haematopoiesis, we tested for expression of receptors for pituitary SexHs, including follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL), as well as the receptors for gonadal SexHs, including progesterone, oestrogens, and androgen, on HSPCs purified from human umbilical cord blood (UCB) and peripheral blood (PB). We then tested the functionality of these receptors in ex vivo signal transduction studies and in vitro clonogenic assays. In parallel, we tested the effect of SexHs on human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Finally, based on our observation that at least some of the UCB‐derived, CD45− very small embryonic‐like stem cells (VSELs) become specified into CD45+HSPCs, we also evaluated the expression of pituitary and gonadal SexH receptors on these cells. We report for the first time that human HSPCs and VSELs, like their murine counterparts, express pituitary and gonadal SexH receptors at the mRNA and protein levels. Most importantly, SexH if added to suboptimal doses of haematopoietic cytokines and growth factors enhance clonogenic growth of human HSPCs as well as directly stimulate proliferation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelbaset-Ismail
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Malwina Suszynska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Borkowska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mateusz Adamiak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.,Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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Mierzejewska K, Borkowska S, Suszynska E, Suszynska M, Poniewierska-Baran A, Maj M, Pedziwiatr D, Adamiak M, Abdel-Latif A, Kakar SS, Ratajczak J, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells express several functional sex hormone receptors-novel evidence for a potential developmental link between hematopoiesis and primordial germ cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:927-37. [PMID: 25607657 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) share several markers with the germline, a connection supported by reports that prolactin, androgens, and estrogens stimulate hematopoiesis. To address this issue more directly, we tested the expression of receptors for pituitary-derived hormones, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), on purified murine bone marrow (BM) cells enriched for HSPCs and tested the functionality of these receptors in ex vivo signal transduction studies and in vitro clonogenic assays. We also tested whether administration of pituitary- and gonad-derived sex hormones (SexHs) increases incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into HSPCs and expansion of hematopoietic clonogenic progenitors in mice and promotes recovery of blood counts in sublethally irradiated animals. We report for the first time that HSPCs express functional FSH and LH receptors and that both proliferate in vivo and in vitro in response to stimulation by pituitary SexHs. Furthermore, based on our observations that at least some of CD45(-) very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) may become specified into CD45(+) HSPCs, we also evaluated the expression of pituitary and gonadal SexHs receptors on these cells and tested whether these quiescent cells may expand in vivo in response to SexHs administration. We found that VSELs express SexHs receptors and respond in vivo to SexHs stimulation, as evidenced by BrdU accumulation. Since at least some VSELs share several markers characteristic of migrating primordial germ cells and can be specified into HSPCs, this observation sheds new light on the BM stem cell hierarchy.
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10
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A novel view of the adult bone marrow stem cell hierarchy and stem cell trafficking. Leukemia 2014; 29:776-82. [PMID: 25486871 PMCID: PMC4396402 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a novel view and working hypothesis about the hierarchy within the adult bone marrow stem cell compartment and the still-intriguing question of whether adult bone marrow contains primitive stem cells from early embryonic development, such as cells derived from the epiblast, migrating primordial germ cells or yolk sac-derived hemangioblasts. It also presents a novel view of the mechanisms that govern stem cell mobilization and homing, with special emphasis on the role of the complement cascade as a trigger for egress of hematopoietic stem cells from bone marrow into blood as well as the emerging role of novel homing factors and priming mechanisms that support stromal-derived factor 1-mediated homing of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells after transplantation.
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11
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Suszynska M, Poniewierska-Baran A, Gunjal P, Ratajczak J, Marycz K, Kakar SS, Kucia M, Ratajczak MZ. Expression of the erythropoietin receptor by germline-derived cells - further support for a potential developmental link between the germline and hematopoiesis. J Ovarian Res 2014; 7:66. [PMID: 24982693 PMCID: PMC4074848 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-7-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expressing several markers of migrating primordial germ cells (PGCs), the rare population of quiescent, bone marrow (BM)-residing very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) can be specified like PGCs into hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). These two properties of VSELs support the possibility of a developmental origin of HSPCs from migrating PGCs. METHODS To address a potential link between VSELs and germ line cells we analyzed by RT-PCR and FACS expression of erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) on murine bone marrow- and human umbilical cord blood-derived VSELs, murine and human teratocarcinoma cell lines and human ovarian cancer cells. A proper gating strategy and immunostaining excluded from FACS analysis potential contamination by erythroblasts. Furthermore, the transwell chemotaxis assays as well as adhesion and signaling studies were performed to demonstrate functionality of erythropoietin - EpoR axes on these cells. RESULTS We report here that murine and human VSELs as well as murine and human teratocarcinoma cell lines and ovarian cancer cell lines share a functional EpoR. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide more evidence of a potential developmental link between germline cells, VSELs, and HSCs and sheds more light on the developmental hierarchy of the stem cell compartment in adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Suszynska
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agata Poniewierska-Baran
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Pranesh Gunjal
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Sham S Kakar
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Magda Kucia
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY 40202, USA ; Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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12
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Zhao GQ, Dowell JE. Hematologic malignancies associated with germ cell tumors. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 5:427-37. [DOI: 10.1586/ehm.12.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Kassim Y, Penther D, Schneider P, Callat MP, Bastard C, Vannier JP. Malignant transformations in a patient with a mediastinal germ cell tumour: lack of efficacy of bone marrow transplantation after chemotherapy on tumour recurrence. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 2012:bcr.08.2011.4663. [PMID: 22707696 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.08.2011.4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The report describes the case of a young male with a malignant teratoma which was followed by an acute megakaryoblastic leukaemia sharing similar chromosomal abnormalities. In leukemic cells, the authors have obtained cytogenetic evidence by fluorescent in situ hybridisation technique suggesting that this leukaemia arose directly from the germ cell tumour (GCT). The patient received allogenic bone marrow transplantation, which unfortunately, did not prevent the patient to relapse with an undifferentiated sarcoma containing rhabdomyosarcoma components, as well as reappearance of a residual teratoma with metastasis. The treatment strategy for malignant transformation of a GCT seems to be unpredictable and should be dictated by the malignant tissue counterpart. Except for acute leukaemia, unresectable or metastatic settings will generally require multi-modal therapy including chemotherapy, in addition to loco regional approaches. Additionally, long or even a life time follow-up is necessary in patients with poor prognostic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusra Kassim
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology Department, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France.
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14
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Ratajczak MZ, Liu R, Ratajczak J, Kucia M, Shin DM. The role of pluripotent embryonic-like stem cells residing in adult tissues in regeneration and longevity. Differentiation 2011; 81:153-61. [PMID: 21339038 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
From the point of view of regenerative potential, the most important cells are pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Such cells must fulfill certain in vitro as well as in vivo criteria that have been established by work with PSCs isolated from embryos, which are known as embryonic stem cells (ESCs). According to these criteria, pluripotent stem cells should: (i) give rise to cells from all three germ layers, (ii) complete blastocyst development, and (iii) form teratomas after inoculation into experimental animals. Unfortunately, in contrast to immortalized embryonic ESC lines or induced PSCs (iPSCs), these last two criteria have thus far not been obtained in a reproducible manner for any potential PSC candidates isolated from adult tissues. There are two possible explanations for this failure. The first is that PSCs isolated from adult tissues are not fully pluripotent; the second is that there are some physiological mechanisms involved in keeping these cells quiescent in adult tissues that preclude their "unleashed proliferation", thereby avoiding the risk of teratoma formation. In this review we present an evidence that adult tissues contain remnants from development; a population of PSCs that is deposited in various organs as a backup for primitive stem cells, plays a role in rejuvenation of the pool of more differentiated tissue-committed stem cells (TCSCs), and is involved in organ regeneration. These cells share several markers with epiblast/germ line cells and have been named very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs). We suggest that, on one hand, VSELs maintain mammalian life span but, on the other hand, they may give rise to several malignancies if they mutate. We provide an evidence that the quiescent state of these cells in adult tissues, which prevents teratoma formation, is the result of epigenetic changes in some of the imprinted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Ratajczak J, Wysoczynski M, Zuba-Surma E, Wan W, Kucia M, Yoder MC, Ratajczak MZ. Adult murine bone marrow-derived very small embryonic-like stem cells differentiate into the hematopoietic lineage after coculture over OP9 stromal cells. Exp Hematol 2010; 39:225-37. [PMID: 21034791 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2010] [Revised: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently identified a population of small Sca-1(+)/Lin(-)/CD45(-) cells in adult murine bone marrow that express several epiblast/germ line and pluripotent stem cell markers (e.g., Oct-4 and SSEA-4) that we named "very small embryonic-like stem cells" (VSELs). In this report, we test the hypothesis that VSELs can differentiate along the hemato/lymphopoietic lineage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Purified from bone marrow, VSELs were primed/cocultured over OP9 stroma cell line and subsequently tested in vitro and in vivo assays for their hematopoietic potential. In parallel, cells derived from VSELs were evaluated for expression of hematopoietic genes and surface markers. RESULTS Although we observed that freshly isolated VSELs do not exhibit in vitro and in vivo hematopoietic potential, they may, after coculture over OP9 stromal cells, differentiate along the hematopoietic lineage in a similar way as embryonic stem cells or inducible pluripotent stem cells. "OP9-primed," VSEL-derived cells acquired expression of several hemato/lymphopoiesis-specific genes and markers, gave rise to hematopoietic colonies in vitro, and protected lethally irradiated mice in both primary and secondary transplant models on transplantation. We also observed that, compared to hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, VSELs are highly resistant to total body irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Based on these observations, we postulate that VSELs are the most primitive murine bone marrow-residing population of stem cells that have the potential to become specified into the hematopoietic lineage and may share some of the characteristics of long-term repopulating HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute at James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Molecular signature of adult bone marrow-purified very small embryonic-like stem cells supports their developmental epiblast/germ line origin. Leukemia 2010; 24:1450-61. [PMID: 20508611 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We postulated that Oct4(+)SSEA-1(+)Sca-1(+)Lin(-)CD45(-) very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) isolated from adult bone marrow (BM) could be a reserve population for tissue-committed stem cells. The aim of this study was to elucidate the developmental origin of these cells. We report that during embryogenesis, VSELs are enriched in embryonic day (E)12.5 murine fetal livers (FLs) and subsequently follow the developmental route of hematopoietic stem cells (H)SCs to colonize BM. Molecular analysis of purified VSELs revealed that both FL-derived VSELs and their adult BM-derived counterparts express: (i) several epiblast/primordial germ cell (PGC) markers; (ii) migrating PGC-like epigenetic reprogramming profiles of Oct4, Nanog and Stella loci; as well as (iii) a unique pattern of genomic imprinting. Thus, these data suggest that VSELs may originate from epiblast/migrating PGC-like cells and, in spite of the expression of pluripotent stem cell markers, changes in the epigenetic signature of imprinted genes keep these cells quiescent in adult tissues and prevent them from teratoma formation.
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Menon R, Twardowski P, Forman SJ, Huang Q, Slovak ML, Krishnan A. Primary Gonadal Germ Cell Tumor Associated With Acute Leukemia With Common Cytogenetics. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:e96-8. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.4293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Menon
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | | | - Stephen J. Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
| | | | - Amrita Krishnan
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope, Duarte, CA
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Successful treatment of a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome complicated by mediastinal germ cell tumor and AML(M7). Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 41:907-8. [PMID: 18223696 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Honecker F, Stoop H, Mayer F, Bokemeyer C, Castrillon DH, Lau YFC, Looijenga LHJ, Oosterhuis JW. Germ cell lineage differentiation in non-seminomatous germ cell tumours. J Pathol 2006; 208:395-400. [PMID: 16273510 DOI: 10.1002/path.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human germ cell tumours (GCTs) have long fascinated investigators for a number of reasons. Being pluripotential tumours, they can differentiate into both extra-embryonic and embryonic (somatic) tissues. However, it has never been shown convincingly that, in humans, these tumours are truly totipotent and can also give rise to the germ lineage, the third major differentiation lineage occurring early during embryonic life. Using a number of newly available, distinct, immunohistochemical markers, such as OCT3/4, VASA and TSPY, the occurrence of germ cells was investigated in a number of germ cell tumours. Development of germ cells was identified in three independent non-seminomas, including two pure yolk sac tumours and one mixed tumour composed of yolk sac tumour and immature teratoma. Our finding indicates a previously unknown totipotent potential of human GCTs and raises the question of whether, under certain culture conditions, primordial germ cells could be derived from human GCT cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedemann Honecker
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Miyagawa S, Hirota S, Park YD, Yamasaki M, Daikoku N, Morikawa H, Yoshioka A, Kitamura Y, Ichijima K. Cutaneous mastocytosis associated with a mixed germ cell tumour of the ovary: report of a case and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145:309-12. [PMID: 11531799 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old girl with a mixed germ cell tumour of the ovary, treated by surgery and chemotherapy, developed cutaneous mastocytosis approximately 8 months after starting chemotherapy. This is the sixth report of a germ cell tumour associated with mastocytosis. c-kit receptor point mutations, including Asp816Val and Val560Gly were absent in a biopsy specimen obtained from lesional skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miyagawa
- Department of Dermatology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara City, Nara 634-8522, Japan.
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Hartmann JT, Nichols CR, Droz JP, Horwich A, Gerl A, Fossa SD, Beyer J, Pont J, Fizazi K, Einhorn L, Kanz L, Bokemeyer C. Hematologic disorders associated with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:54-61. [PMID: 10620634 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/92.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between primary germ cell tumors of the mediastinum (the space between the lung pleura that contains the heart and other chest viscera) and hematologic malignancies has been described by retrospective analysis of patients treated at individual clinical centers. To better characterize the risk of hematologic disorders in patients with extragonadal germ cell tumors and to describe the clinical and biologic features of the disorders, we studied an unselected population in a large, international, multicenter database. METHODS Six hundred thirty-five patients treated at 11 centers in the United States and Europe from 1975 through 1996 were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS A hematologic disorder was observed in 17 patients with germ cell tumors. All cases developed among the 287 patients with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, giving an incidence rate in this group of 2.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1%-3.1%) per year over a median follow-up time of 3 years. The risk of developing hematologic disorders was statistically significantly increased in patients with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors in comparison with the age-matched general population (standardized incidence ratio = 250; 95% CI = 140-405). The median time to onset of hematologic neoplasia was 6 months (range, 0-47 months), and the median survival after diagnosis of the hematologic disorder was 5 months (range, 0-16 months) (two-sided P<.0001, comparing survival from the time of diagnosis of the germ cell tumor of patients with and without hematologic disorders). CONCLUSION In our study, approximately one in 17 patients with primary mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumors was affected by a hematologic disorder, whereas no cases were seen among 334 patients with other extragonadal germ cell tumors. The hematologic disorder had a statistically significant impact on prognosis, with none of the 17 reported patients surviving for more than 2 years.
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Neiman RS, Orazi A. Mediastinal non-seminomatous germ cell tumours: their association with non-germ cell malignancies. Pathol Res Pract 1999; 195:589-94. [PMID: 10483591 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(99)80010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mediastinal non-seminomatous germ cell tumors are unique tumors in that they are associated with both sarcomatous and hematologic neoplasms. This paper relates our experience at Indiana University with these tumors, and discusses the possible mechanisms of their occurrence, especially with respect to the hematologic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Neiman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianopolis 46202-5200, USA
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Abstract
A 12-year-old girl with a mixed malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary, treated by surgery and chemotherapy, developed systemic mast cell disease (SMCD) approximately 3 months after chemotherapy. Hematologic malignancies have previously been noted in patients with mediastinal germ cell tumors but this is the first report of a primary ovarian germ cell neoplasm associated with SMCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Teitell
- Department of Pathology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California School of Medicine, 90027, USA
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Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 40-1997. A 23-year-old man with a mediastinal embryonal carcinoma and hematologic abnormalities. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1904-12. [PMID: 9417524 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199712253372608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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