Antibodies against haloperidol specific to the butyrophenone moiety

Vanadate inhibits agonist binding to D2 dopamine receptor

Orthovanadate (in the micromolar range) inhibits the high-affinity binding of the D2 dopamine receptor to specific agonists (apomorphine and N-propylnorapomorphine), while it does not affect the binding to D2 antagonists (spiperone and haloperidol). These effects of vanadate resemble those observed with guanine nucleotides or their analogs. However, in contrast to the guanine nucleotides, vanadate does not induce dissociation of the D2 dopamine receptor from its related G proteins, suggesting that vanadate and guanine nucleotides may exert their effect on the D2 dopamine receptor via different mechanisms. The effect of vanadate on agonist binding was shown to be ATP dependent and correlated with increased protein phosphorylation.

Phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase modulates agonist binding to the D2 dopamine receptor

Phosphorylation of striatal membranes by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase resulted in a reduction in the affinity of the D2 dopamine receptor toward its agonist N-propylnorapomorphine while the affinity to D2-specific antagonists remained unchanted. The inhibitory effects observed by phosphorylation and guanine nucleotides on agonist binding to the D2 receptor were additive. The purified D2 dopamine receptor from bovine striatum was specifically phosphorylated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase with an apparent stoichiometry of 0.7 mol phosphate/mol receptor. The phosphorylated purified D2 receptor also exhibited a reduced agonist binding activity with no change in antagonist binding. The action of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase on both the membrane preparation and the purified D2 receptor was inhibited by a specific inhibitor of the kinase. These data indicate that phosphorylation mediated by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase may represent a physiological pathway for modulation of the receptor binding activity.

Antibodies with high affinity for spiroperidol--II. Cross reactivity with iodobenzamide and domperidone

Three radioligands, 3H-spiroperidol (3H-SPD), 3H-domperidone (3H-DOMP) and 125I-iodobenzamide (125I-IBZM), were used to investigate the antibody response to two haptens, aminospiroperidol (NH2SPD) and N-aminophenethylspiroperidol (NAPS). Although structurally different, these three radioligands each bind with high affinity to the D2 dopamine receptor. Antibodies with high affinity for 3H-SPD were elicited in rabbits following immunization with the hapten NH2SPD covalently linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). In addition, antibodies in the rabbit anti-NH2SPD antisera bound 125I-IBZM or 3H-DOMP. Rabbit anti-NH2SPD antibodies that bound 125I-IBZM or 3H-DOMP were found to have higher affinity for IBZM or DOMP, respectively, than for SPD. The binding properties of the anti-NH2SPD antibodies that bound 3H-SPD, 125I-IBZM and 3H-DOMP were characterized using a panel of competitive inhibitors and each radioligand appeared to bind to a distinct subpopulation of anti-NH2SPD antibodies. BALB/c mice were immunized with NH2SPD-KLH or NAPS-KLH. A population of antibodies that bound 3H-SPD and a population of antibodies that bound 3H-DOMP were detected. The population of antibodies that bound 3H-DOMP was found to be heteroclitic for DOMP, since DOMP was a more effective competitive inhibitor than SPD. Binding sites for 125I-IBZM were not detected in either the anti-NH2SPD or the anti-NAPS BALB/c antisera. However, two anti-NAPS monoclonal antibodies, N6-24 and N6-29, that bind 3H-SPD with high affinity (Kd = 10(-9) M), were also found to bind IBZM (Ki = 2 x 10(-7) M) and DOMP (Ki = 2 x 10(-6) M). Although anti-NH2SPD and anti-NAPS antibodies were identified that appeared to bind 3H-SPD, 3H-DOMP or 125I-IBZM with high affinity, none of the populations of polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibodies bound all three ligands with high affinity.

Preparation of an affinity chromatography matrix for the selective purification of the dopamine D2 receptor from bovine striatal membranes

A ligand affinity matrix has been developed and utilized to purify the dopamine D2 receptor approx. 2100 fold from bovine striatal membranes. 3-[2-Aminoethyl]-8-[3-(4-fluorobenzoyl)propyl]-4-oxo-1-phenyl-1,3,8- triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one (AES) was synthesized and used to prepare the affinity matrix by coupling to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B (AES-Sepharose). AES (Ki approximately 1.7 nM) is similar in potency to the parent compound, spiperone (Ki approximately 0.8 nM), in competing for [3H]spiperone-binding activity. AES has no significant potency in competing for the dopamine D1 receptor as assessed by competition for [3H]SCH23390 binding (Ki greater than 1 microM). Covalent photoaffinity labeling of the dopamine D2 receptor in bovine striatal membranes with N-(p-azido-m-[125I]iodophenethyl)spiperone [( 125I]N3-NAPS) was prevented by AES at nanomolar concentrations. The dopamine D2 receptor was solubilized from bovine striatal membranes using 0.25% cholate in the presence of high ionic strength, followed by precipitation and subsequent treatment with 0.5% digitonin. Nearly 100% of the [3H]spiperone-binding activity in the cholate-digitonin solubilized preparation was absorbed at a receptor-to-resin ratio of 2:1 (v/v). Dopamine D2 receptor was eluted from the affinity resin using a competing dopaminergic antagonist molecule, haloperidol. Recovery of dopamine D2 receptor activity from the affinity matrix was approx. 9% of the activity adsorbed to the resin. The [3H]spiperone-binding activity in AES-Sepharose affinity purified preparations is saturable and of high affinity (0.2 nM). Affinity-purified preparations maintain the ligand-binding characteristics of a dopamine D2 receptor as assessed by agonist and antagonist competition for [3H]spiperone binding.

Purification of the D-2 dopamine receptor from bovine striatum

The D-2 dopamine receptor has been purified 21500 fold from bovine striatal membranes. Solubilized receptor preparation was partially purified by affinity chromatography on a haloperidol adsorbent followed by gel filtration on a Sephacryl S-300 column. The fractions eluted from this column which contained the ligand binding activity were further chromatographed on wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to Sepharose. The resulting receptor preparation displays a major polypeptide band of an apparent molecular weight of 92 kDa, and exhibits a specific binding activity of 2490 pmol spiperone per mg protein. This purified receptor preparation can reabsorb specifically to the haloperidol affinity column indicating that the 92 kDa polypeptide represents the ligand binding unit of the D-2 dopamine receptor.

Immuno-photoaffinity labeling of the D2-dopamine receptor

Azido-haloperidol was synthesized and applied as a photoaffinity ligand for the D2-dopamine receptor. In bovine striatal membranes, azido-haloperidol bound reversibly to the receptor (KD = 15 nM), and when exposed to light, it bound to the receptor irreversibly. This irreversible inactivation was prevented by the dopaminergic agonist N-propylnorapomorphine or the dopaminergic antagonists haloperidol and (+)-butaclamol. The photoaffinity labeled D2-receptor was probed with anti-haloperidol antibodies following gel electrophoresis and transfer to nitrocellulose. A major polypeptide of 94 kDa reacted with the anti-haloperidol antibodies. This polypeptide band was not observed when the photoaffinity labeling was performed in the presence of (+)-butaclamol or spiperone.