1
|
Schwach V, Passier R. Native cardiac environment and its impact on engineering cardiac tissue. Biomater Sci 2020; 7:3566-3580. [PMID: 31338495 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) generally have an immature fetal-like phenotype when directly compared to isolated CMs from human hearts, despite significant advance in differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to multiple cardiac lineages. Therefore, hPSC-CMs may not accurately mimic all facets of healthy and diseased human adult CMs. During embryonic development, the cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) experiences a gradual assembly of matrix proteins that transits along the maturation of CMs. Mimicking these dynamic stages may contribute to hPSC-CMs maturation in vitro. Thus, in this review, we describe the progressive build-up of the cardiac ECM during embryonic development, the ECM of the adult human heart and the application of natural and synthetic biomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering with hPSC-CMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Schwach
- Dept of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Broughton KM, Sussman MA. Cardiac tissue engineering therapeutic products to enhance myocardial contractility. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2019; 41:363-373. [PMID: 31863324 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-019-09570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Researchers continue to develop therapeutic products for the repair and replacement of myocardial tissue that demonstrates contractility equivalent to normal physiologic states. As clinical trials focused on pure adult stem cell populations undergo meta-analysis for preclinical through clinical design, the field of tissue engineering is emerging as a new clinical frontier to repair the myocardium and improve cardiac output. This review will first discuss the three primary tissue engineering product themes that are advancing in preclinical to clinical models: (1) cell-free scaffolds, (2) scaffold-free cellular, and (3) hybrid cell and scaffold products. The review will then focus on the products that have advanced from preclinical models to clinical trials. In advancing the cardiac regenerative medicine field, long-term gains towards discovering an optimal product to generate functional myocardial tissue and eliminate heart failure may be achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Broughton
- Department of Biology and Heart Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- Department of Biology and Heart Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garcia-Canadilla P, Dejea H, Bonnin A, Balicevic V, Loncaric S, Zhang C, Butakoff C, Aguado-Sierra J, Vázquez M, Jackson LH, Stuckey DJ, Rau C, Stampanoni M, Bijnens B, Cook AC. Complex Congenital Heart Disease Associated With Disordered Myocardial Architecture in a Midtrimester Human Fetus. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 11:e007753. [PMID: 30354476 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.118.007753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the era of increasingly successful corrective interventions in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), global and regional myocardial remodeling are emerging as important sources of long-term morbidity/mortality. Changes in organization of the myocardium in CHD, and in its mechanical properties, conduction, and blood supply, result in altered myocardial function both before and after surgery. To gain a better understanding and develop appropriate and individualized treatment strategies, the microscopic organization of cardiomyocytes, and their integration at a macroscopic level, needs to be completely understood. The aim of this study is to describe, for the first time, in 3 dimensions and nondestructively the detailed remodeling of cardiac microstructure present in a human fetal heart with complex CHD. METHODS AND RESULTS Synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast imaging was used to image an archival midgestation formalin-fixed fetal heart with right isomerism and complex CHD and compare with a control fetal heart. Analysis of myocyte aggregates, at detail not accessible with other techniques, was performed. Macroanatomic and conduction system changes specific to the disease were clearly observable, together with disordered myocyte organization in the morphologically right ventricle myocardium. Electrical activation simulations suggested altered synchronicity of the morphologically right ventricle. CONCLUSIONS We have shown the potential of X-ray phase-contrast imaging for studying cardiac microstructure in the developing human fetal heart at high resolution providing novel insight while preserving valuable archival material for future study. This is the first study to show myocardial alterations occur in complex CHD as early as midgestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Garcia-Canadilla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science (P.G.-C., A.C.C.), University College London, United Kingdom.,Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (P.G.-C., C.Z., C.B., B.B.)
| | - Hector Dejea
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (H.D., A.B., M.S.).,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (H.D., M.S.)
| | - Anne Bonnin
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (H.D., A.B., M.S.)
| | - Vedrana Balicevic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (V.B., S.L.)
| | - Sven Loncaric
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (V.B., S.L.)
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (P.G.-C., C.Z., C.B., B.B.)
| | - Constantine Butakoff
- Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (P.G.-C., C.Z., C.B., B.B.)
| | - Jazmin Aguado-Sierra
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, Campus Nord Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain (J.A.-S., M.V.)
| | - Mariano Vázquez
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, Campus Nord Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain (J.A.-S., M.V.).,IIIA-CSIC, Bellaterra, Spain (M.V.)
| | - Laurence H Jackson
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (L.H.J., D.J.S.), University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Stuckey
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging (L.H.J., D.J.S.), University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristoph Rau
- Diamond Manchester Imaging Branchline (I13-2), Diamond Lightsource, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.R.)
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (H.D., A.B., M.S.).,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (H.D., M.S.)
| | - Bart Bijnens
- Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (P.G.-C., C.Z., C.B., B.B.).,Institución Catalana de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, Barcelona, Spain (B.B.)
| | - Andrew C Cook
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science (P.G.-C., A.C.C.), University College London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ducsay CA, Goyal R, Pearce WJ, Wilson S, Hu XQ, Zhang L. Gestational Hypoxia and Developmental Plasticity. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1241-1334. [PMID: 29717932 PMCID: PMC6088145 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00043.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is multidimensional involving complicated intracellular networks concerned with the transduction of hypoxia-induced responses. Of all the stresses to which the fetus and newborn infant are subjected, perhaps the most important and clinically relevant is that of hypoxia. Hypoxia during gestation impacts both the mother and fetal development through interactions with an individual's genetic traits acquired over multiple generations by natural selection and changes in gene expression patterns by altering the epigenetic code. Changes in the epigenome determine "genomic plasticity," i.e., the ability of genes to be differentially expressed according to environmental cues. The genomic plasticity defined by epigenomic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs during development is the mechanistic substrate for phenotypic programming that determines physiological response and risk for healthy or deleterious outcomes. This review explores the impact of gestational hypoxia on maternal health and fetal development, and epigenetic mechanisms of developmental plasticity with emphasis on the uteroplacental circulation, heart development, cerebral circulation, pulmonary development, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and adipose tissue. The complex molecular and epigenetic interactions that may impact an individual's physiology and developmental programming of health and disease later in life are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Ducsay
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Ravi Goyal
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J. Pearce
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Sean Wilson
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Xiang-Qun Hu
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lubo Zhang
- The Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jonker SS, Louey S. Endocrine and other physiologic modulators of perinatal cardiomyocyte endowment. J Endocrinol 2016; 228:R1-18. [PMID: 26432905 PMCID: PMC4677998 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Immature contractile cardiomyocytes proliferate to rapidly increase cell number, establishing cardiomyocyte endowment in the perinatal period. Developmental changes in cellular maturation, size and attrition further contribute to cardiac anatomy. These physiological processes occur concomitant with a changing hormonal environment as the fetus prepares itself for the transition to extrauterine life. There are complex interactions between endocrine, hemodynamic and nutritional regulators of cardiac development. Birth has been long assumed to be the trigger for major differences between the fetal and postnatal cardiomyocyte growth patterns, but investigations in normally growing sheep and rodents suggest this may not be entirely true; in sheep, these differences are initiated before birth, while in rodents they occur after birth. The aim of this review is to draw together our understanding of the temporal regulation of these signals and cardiomyocyte responses relative to birth. Further, we consider how these dynamics are altered in stressed and suboptimal intrauterine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S S Jonker
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute Center for Developmental HealthOregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - S Louey
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute Center for Developmental HealthOregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tong W, Zhang L. Fetal hypoxia and programming of matrix metalloproteinases. Drug Discov Today 2011; 17:124-34. [PMID: 21946060 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fetal hypoxia adversely affects the brain and heart development, yet the mechanisms responsible remain elusive. Recent studies indicate an important role of the extracellular matrix in fetal development and tissue remodeling. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes in the cardiovascular and central nervous systems. This review summarizes current knowledge of the mechanisms by which fetal hypoxia induces the imbalance of MMPs, TIMPs and collagen expression patterns, resulting in growth restriction and aberrant tissue remodeling in the developing heart and brain. Collectively, this information could lead to the development of preventive diagnoses and therapeutic strategies in the fetal programming of cardiovascular and neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenni Tong
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tong W, Xue Q, Li Y, Zhang L. Maternal hypoxia alters matrix metalloproteinase expression patterns and causes cardiac remodeling in fetal and neonatal rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2113-21. [PMID: 21856922 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00356.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fetal hypoxia leads to progressive cardiac remodeling in rat offspring. The present study tested the hypothesis that maternal hypoxia results in reprogramming of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression patterns and fibrillar collagen matrix in the developing heart. Pregnant rats were treated with normoxia or hypoxia (10.5% O(2)) from day 15 to 21 of gestation. Hearts were isolated from 21-day fetuses (E21) and postnatal day 7 pups (PD7). Maternal hypoxia caused a decrease in the body weight of both E21 and PD7. The heart-to-body weight ratio was increased in E21 but not in PD7. Left ventricular myocardium wall thickness and cardiomyocyte proliferation were significantly decreased in both fetal and neonatal hearts. Hypoxia had no effect on fibrillar collagen content in the fetal heart, but significantly increased the collagen content in the neonatal heart. Western blotting revealed that maternal hypoxia significantly increased collagen I, but not collagen III, levels in the neonatal heart. Maternal hypoxia decreased MMP-1 but increased MMP-13 and membrane type (MT)1-MMP in the fetal heart. In the neonatal heart, MMP-1 and MMP-13 were significantly increased. Active MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels and activities were not altered in either fetal or neonatal hearts. Hypoxia significantly increased tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3 and TIMP-4 in both fetal and neonatal hearts. In contrast, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were not affected. The results demonstrate that in utero hypoxia reprograms the expression patterns of MMPs and TIMPs and causes cardiac tissue remodeling with the increased collagen deposition in the developing heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenni Tong
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The papillary muscles (PM) of the heart have been the subject of numerous structural and functional studies. However, despite the importance of the collagenous compartment of the heart in the mechanical and electrical properties of the myocardium, little information is available on the structural organization of collagen within the PM. We study here the structural organization of collagen within the mitral papillary muscles (PM) of the human heart. Fragments of human mitral PM from normal and hypertensive subjects were macerated in NaOH to eliminate the cellular components. Macerated and nonmacerated samples were then studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM shows that cardiac myocytes and endomysial capillaries are ensheathed in a layer of collagenous tissue. The myocyte sheath wall is formed by thin collagen fibers oriented at right angles to the main cell axis. These sheaths are open structures, collagen fibers continuing into adjacent sheaths at the points of lateral communications. Thick perimysial septa do not divide the PM tissue into separate compartments. Hypertensive hearts show perivascular and interstitial fibrosis. In addition, the lumen of the coronary vessels is reduced or obliterated, and large areas of the myocardium are substituted by densely packed collagen. Endomysial sheaths constitute a continuous collagenous layer that replicates the myocyte network. The endomysium should play a complex role in myocardial mechanics, assuring the equal distribution of force during the cardiac cycle. The absence of insulating boundaries should facilitate lateral propagation of excitation. Fibrosis in hypertensive hearts appears to be both reactive and reparative. The increase in the amount of collagen should greatly impair contractile capabilities and electrical conductance, severely compromise heart function, and contribute to development of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Icardo
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|