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Dang AK, Vu BN, Lam TP, Ho TKT, Nguyen AKT, Le HT, Mamun AA, Phung D, Thai PK. Progress toward universal health coverage in Vietnam: Evidence on dispensing trends of diabetes medications from 2015 to 2021. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2024; 212:111691. [PMID: 38710288 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to investigate the trends in treatment coverage through dispensing diabetes medications in Vietnam from 2015 to 2021. The findings will serve to inform health policies to mitigate the health burden of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS We collected information on major antidiabetic medicines from General Department of Vietnam Customs and payments for antidiabetics via the National Health Insurance Program. We applied ordinary least squares models, accounting for economic and health outcome characteristics, to estimate the association between the annual mass of medications and related factors. RESULTS Nationally, the total mass/doses of all antidiabetic drugs increased rapidly from 2015 to 2021, based on both databases. Metformin was the most frequently prescribed medicine, with the total mass increasing nearly threefold over the study period. Gliclazide, a Sulfonylureas drug, ranked second. In the multivariate regression analysis, a one-unit increase in adults with diabetes (in 1,000 s) was associated with 0.11 % (95 %CI = 0.0005; 0.0076) and 0.13 % (95%CI = 0.0007; 0.0242) higher mass of Metformin and Glimepiride, respectively. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that policies changes were related to significant increase in antidiabetic medication dispenses in Vietnam. The high treatment coverage indicates impressive progress in achieving universal health coverage in Vietnam, meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Kim Dang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Brisbane, Australia; Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam.
| | - Binh Ngan Vu
- Faculty of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Quality Control, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Toi Phung Lam
- Health Strategy and Policy Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Anh Kieu Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Quality Control, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Huong Thi Le
- Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Brisbane, Australia; Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course (The Life Course Centre), The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068, Australia
| | - Dung Phung
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba 4102, Brisbane, Australia
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Seidu S, Cos X, Brunton S, Harris SB, Jansson SPO, Mata-Cases M, Neijens AMJ, Topsever P, Khunti K. 2022 update to the position statement by Primary Care Diabetes Europe: a disease state approach to the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes in primary care. Prim Care Diabetes 2022; 16:223-244. [PMID: 35183458 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and its associated comorbidities are growing more prevalent, and the complexity of optimising glycaemic control is increasing, especially on the frontlines of patient care. In many countries, most patients with type 2 diabetes are managed in a primary care setting. However, primary healthcare professionals face the challenge of the growing plethora of available treatment options for managing hyperglycaemia, leading to difficultly in making treatment decisions and contributing to treatment and therapeutic inertia. This position statement offers a simple and patient-centred clinical decision-making model with practical treatment recommendations that can be widely implemented by primary care clinicians worldwide through shared-decision conversations with their patients. It highlights the importance of managing cardiovascular disease and elevated cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes and aims to provide innovative risk stratification and treatment strategies that connect patients with the most effective care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seidu
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE5 4PW, United Kingdom.
| | - X Cos
- Sant Marti de Provenҫals Primary Care Centres, Institut Català de la Salut, University Research Institute in Primary Care (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Brunton
- Primary Care Metabolic Group, Winnsboro, SC, USA
| | - S B Harris
- Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S P O Jansson
- School of Medical Sciences, University Health Care Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - M Mata-Cases
- La Mina Primary Care Centre, Institut Català de la Salut, University Research Institute in Primary Care (IDIAP Jordi Gol), CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A M J Neijens
- Praktijk De Diabetist, Nurse-Led Case Management in Diabetes, QOL-consultancy, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - P Topsever
- Department of Family Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, Kerem Aydinlar Campus, 34752 Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester, LE5 4PW, United Kingdom
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3
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Satin LS, Soleimanpour SA, Walker EM. New Aspects of Diabetes Research and Therapeutic Development. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:1001-1015. [PMID: 34193595 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are advancing at exponential rates, placing significant burdens on health care networks worldwide. Although traditional pharmacologic therapies such as insulin and oral antidiabetic stalwarts like metformin and the sulfonylureas continue to be used, newer drugs are now on the market targeting novel blood glucose-lowering pathways. Furthermore, exciting new developments in the understanding of beta cell and islet biology are driving the potential for treatments targeting incretin action, islet transplantation with new methods for immunologic protection, and the generation of functional beta cells from stem cells. Here we discuss the mechanistic details underlying past, present, and future diabetes therapies and evaluate their potential to treat and possibly reverse type 1 and 2 diabetes in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions in the developed and developing world alike. As the last several years have seen many new developments in the field, a new and up to date review of these advances and their careful evaluation will help both clinical and research diabetologists to better understand where the field is currently heading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Satin
- Department of Pharmacology (L.S.S.), Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (L.S.S., S.A.S., E.M.W.), and Brehm Diabetes Center (L.S.S., S.A.S., E.M.W.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.A.S.) ; ;
| | - Scott A Soleimanpour
- Department of Pharmacology (L.S.S.), Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (L.S.S., S.A.S., E.M.W.), and Brehm Diabetes Center (L.S.S., S.A.S., E.M.W.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.A.S.)
| | - Emily M Walker
- Department of Pharmacology (L.S.S.), Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine (L.S.S., S.A.S., E.M.W.), and Brehm Diabetes Center (L.S.S., S.A.S., E.M.W.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (S.A.S.) ; ;
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4
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Seidu S, Cos X, Brunton S, Harris SB, Jansson SPO, Mata-Cases M, Neijens AMJ, Topsever P, Khunti K. A disease state approach to the pharmacological management of Type 2 diabetes in primary care: A position statement by Primary Care Diabetes Europe. Prim Care Diabetes 2021; 15:31-51. [PMID: 32532635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and its associated comorbidities are growing more prevalent, and the complexity of optimising glycaemic control is increasing, especially on the frontlines of patient care. In many countries, most patients with type 2 diabetes are managed in a primary care setting. However, primary healthcare professionals face the challenge of the growing plethora of available treatment options for managing hyperglycaemia, leading to difficultly in making treatment decisions and contributing to therapeutic inertia. This position statement offers a simple and patient-centred clinical decision-making model with practical treatment recommendations that can be widely implemented by primary care clinicians worldwide through shared-decision conversations with their patients. It highlights the importance of managing cardiovascular disease and elevated cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes and aims to provide innovative risk stratification and treatment strategies that connect patients with the most effective care.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Seidu
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom.
| | - X Cos
- Sant Marti de Provençals Primary Care Centres, Institut Català de la Salut, University Research Institute in Primary Care (IDIAP Jordi Gol), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Brunton
- Primary Care Metabolic Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S B Harris
- Department of Family Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S P O Jansson
- School of Medical Sciences, University Health Care Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - M Mata-Cases
- La Mina Primary Care Centre, Institut Català de la Salut, University Research Institute in Primary Care (IDIAP Jordi Gol), CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A M J Neijens
- Praktijk De Diabetist, Nurse-Led Case Management in Diabetes, QOL-consultancy, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - P Topsever
- Department of Family Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, Kerem Aydinlar Campus, Atasehir 34752, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, United Kingdom
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Jahan H, Choudhary MI. Gliclazide alters macrophages polarization state in diabetic atherosclerosis in vitro via blocking AGE-RAGE/TLR4-reactive oxygen species-activated NF-kβ nexus. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 894:173874. [PMID: 33460615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemic milieu in diabetes mellitus stimulates macrophages for exaggerated pro-inflammatory cytokine response, particularly IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Although hyperglycemia causes macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, AGEs (advanced glycation end products) active inflammation, produced as a result of chronic hyperglycemia, inducers cause polarization of macrophages into pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. AGEs in diabetes accelerate atherosclerotic plaque initiation and progression via promoting macrophages polarization towards pro-inflammatory state. Gliclazide (Glz) is a well known antidiabetic drug with excellent safety profile. Its repurposing in the management of diabetes-associated late complications has tremendous merit. The present study demonstrated that Glz retards diabetic atherosclerotic progression, and cytokines storm in a concentration dependent manner over a concentration range of 1-100 μM than those of AGEs (200 μg/ml)-treated cells through a mechanism that alters macrophage M1 polarization state. Glz exerted these beneficial effects, independent of its antidiabetic effect. Glz pretreatment significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the AGEs-induced pro-inflammatory mediators (NO•, reactive oxygen species, i-NOS), and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. It also significantly (P < 0.05) promoted the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Glz pretreatment also effectively abated the AGEs-induced RAGE (~2-fold decrease), and CD86 surface marker expressions (P < 0.001 at 100 μM) on macrophages by inhibiting the NF-kβ activation in a concentration dependent manner (1-100 μM) (P < 0.001). In conclusion, our data demonstrates that Glz alleviates the diabetic atherosclerosis progression by ameliorating the AGEs-mediated M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype via blocking AGE-RAGE/TLR4-reactive oxygen species -activated NF-kβ nexus in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humera Jahan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C, JI. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.
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Cordiner RLM, Pearson ER. Reflections on the sulphonylurea story: A drug class at risk of extinction or a drug class worth reviving? Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21:761-771. [PMID: 30471177 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of sulphonylureas (SUs) in modern clinical practice poses ongoing clinical debate. With the advent of newer agents in diabetes management, there is an increasing shift away from the prescribing of SUs, but not necessarily to more effective agents. This review provides a different perspective on the debate, reflecting in depth upon the physiology of SUs, drawing on insights gained from monogenic diabetes to highlight the potential benefit of lower doses of SUs, and the probable benefit of gliclazide over most other, if not all SUs, in terms of sulphonylurea failure and cardiovascular outcomes.
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Soltani S, Magri P, Rogalski M, Kadri M. Charge-transfer complexes of hypoglycemic sulfonamide with π-acceptors: Experimental and DFT-TDDFT studies. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Soltani S, Magri P, Rogalski M, Kadri M. UV-Vis, FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR spectra and thermal studies of charge transfer complexes formed in the reaction of Gliclazide with π- and σ-electron acceptors. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 205:170-178. [PMID: 30015022 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Charge transfer interactions (CT) between a gliclazide (GLC) donor and a picric acid (PA) π acceptor or iodine σ acceptor, were studied in a chloroform solution and in the solid state. UV-vis spectroscopy elucidated the formation of the complexes, and allowed determination of the stoichiometry, stability constants (K), and thermodynamic quantities (ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°), and spectroscopic properties such as the molar extinction coefficient (εCT), oscillator strength (f), transition dipole moment (μEN), and ionization potential (Ip). Beer's law was obeyed over the 2-8 and 4-12 μg mL-1 concentration ranges for GLC with PA (method A) and I2 (method B), respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.9986 and 0.9989. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) have also been reported. The 1:1 stoichiometric CT complexes were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results indicated a favorable proton migration from PA to the donor molecule, and an interaction between the NH of GLC and iodine. Thermogravimetric analysis techniques (TGA/DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to determine the thermal stability of the synthesized CT complex. The kinetic parameters (ΔG*, ΔH*, and ΔS*) were calculated from thermal decomposition data using the Coats-Redfern method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Soltani
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Université 08 Mai 45, BP401, Guelma 24000, Algeria
| | - Pierre Magri
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Physique Approches Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes, Université de Lorraine, 1 Boulevard Arago, Technopole, 57070 Metz, France
| | - Marek Rogalski
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Physique Approches Multi-échelles des Milieux Complexes, Université de Lorraine, 1 Boulevard Arago, Technopole, 57070 Metz, France
| | - Mekki Kadri
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Université 08 Mai 45, BP401, Guelma 24000, Algeria.
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Colagiuri S, Matthews D, Leiter LA, Chan SP, Sesti G, Marre M. The place of gliclazide MR in the evolving type 2 diabetes landscape: A comparison with other sulfonylureas and newer oral antihyperglycemic agents. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 143:1-14. [PMID: 29802958 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sulfonylureas are effective oral glucose-lowering agents with a long history of clinical use. While all have the same general mechanism of action, their pharmacokinetic properties are influenced by factors such as dosage, rate of absorption, duration of action, route of elimination, tissue specificity, and binding affinity for pancreatic β-cell receptor. The result is a class of agents with similar HbA1c-lowering efficacy, but well-documented differences in terms of effects on hypoglycemia, and cardiovascular and renal safety. This review examines the differences between currently available sulfonylureas with a focus on how gliclazide modified release (MR) differs from other members of this class and from newer oral antihyperglycemic agents in the form of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) and sodium- glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. The first part focuses on major outcome trials that have been conducted with the sulfonylureas and new oral agents. Consideration is then given to factors important for day-to-day prescribing including efficacy and durability, weight changes, hypoglycemia, renal effects and cost. Based on current evidence, third-generation sulfonylureas such as gliclazide MR possess many of the properties desired of a type 2 diabetes drug including high glucose-lowering efficacy, once-daily oral administration, few side effects other than mild hypoglycemia, and cardiovascular safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Colagiuri
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition and Exercise, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - David Matthews
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Harris Manchester College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lawrence A Leiter
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Siew Pheng Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 50603, W.P., Malaysia
| | - Giorgio Sesti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna-Græcia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michel Marre
- Diabetes Department, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Denis Diderot Paris 7, and INSERM U1138, Paris, France
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Abstract
Sulfonylureas (SUs) remain the most commonly prescribed drug after metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), despite the availability of several newer agents. The primary reason of SUs being most popular is their quick glycemic response, time-tested experience and least cost. Although SUs are one amongst the several other second line agents after metformin in all major guidelines, the new Dutch type 2 guidelines specifically advise gliclazide as the preferred second line drug instead of SUs as a class. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also included gliclazide in their Model List of Essential Medicines 2013 motivated by its safety data in elderly patients. Specifically advising gliclazide may have been based on emerging evidence suggesting cardiovascular neutrality of gliclazide over other SUs. This prompted us to do a literature review of gliclazide efficacy and safety data compared to other SUs as well as oral anti-diabetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritu Singh
- a G.D Hospital & Diabetes Institute , Kolkata , West Bengal , India
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Influence of atazanavir on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in animal models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdm.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Mastan SK, Kumar KE. Influence of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efavirenz and nevirapine) on the pharmacodynamic activity of gliclazide in animal models. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2009; 1:15. [PMID: 19825151 PMCID: PMC2765430 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes may occur as a result of HIV infection and/or its treatment. Gliclazide is a widely used drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Efavirenz and nevirapine are widely used non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for the treatment of HIV infection. The role of Efavirenz and nevirapine on the pharmacodynamic activity of gliclazide is not currently known. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of oral administration of efavirenz and nevirapine on blood glucose and investigate their effect on the activity of gliclazide in rats (normal and diabetic) and rabbits to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the combination. METHODS Studies in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats were conducted with oral doses of 2 mg/kg bd. wt. of gliclazide, 54 mg/kg bd. wt. of efavirenz or 18 mg/kg bd. wt. of nevirapine and their combination with adequate washout periods in between treatments. Studies in normal rabbits were conducted with 5.6 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of gliclazide, 42 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of efavirenz or 14 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of nevirapine and their combination given orally. Blood samples were collected at regular time intervals in rats from retro orbital puncture and by marginal ear vein puncture in rabbits. All the blood samples were analysed for blood glucose by GOD/POD method. RESULTS Efavirenz and nevirapine alone have no significant effect on the blood glucose level in rats and rabbits. Gliclazide produced hypoglycaemic/antidiabetic activity in normal and diabetic rats with peak activity at 2 h and 8 h and hypoglycaemic activity in normal rabbits at 3 h. In combination, efavirenz reduced the effect of gliclazide in rats and rabbits, and the reduction was more significant with the single dose administration of efavirenz than multiple dose administration. In combination, nevirapine has no effect on the activity of gliclazide in rats and rabbits. CONCLUSION Thus, it can be concluded that the combination of efavirenz and gliclazide may need dose adjustment and care should be taken when the combination is prescribed for their clinical benefit in diabetic patients. The combination of nevirapine and gliclazide was safe. However, further studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Mastan
- Pharmacology Division, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Duvvada, Gajuwaka, Visakhapatnam-530 046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K Eswar Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Tang WL, Wang YM, Du WM, Cheng NN, Chen BY. Study of the process of secondary failure of sulphonylurea by a Markov model. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2008; 17:511-6. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Satyanarayana S, Kilari EK. Influence of nicorandil on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in rats and rabbits. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 291:101-5. [PMID: 16715184 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diabetes precipitates ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and many other disorders. IHD inturn is shown in the form of angina initially. According to EUROPA study, the incidence of angina is high in type II diabetics. Gliclazide, a second generation sulphonylurea derivative is widely used in the treatment of type-II diabetes and is known to release insulin by K(+) channel inhibition. Nicorandil, a newer antianginal drug widely used now a days acts by opening potassium channels in the cardiac muscle cell and also by releasing nitric oxide. However its action on pancreatic cell K(+) channel is not known. Since there is possibility for drug interaction leading to decreased activity of gliclazide the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the combination. Studies in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats were conducted with oral doses of 2 mg/kg bd. wt. of gliclazide, 1.8 mg/kg bd. wt. of nicorandil and their combination with adequate washout periods in between treatments. Studies in normal rabbits were conducted with 5.6 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of gliclazide, 1.4 mg/1.5 kg bd. wt. of nicorandil and their combination given orally. Blood samples were collected in rats from retro orbital puncture at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h and by marginal ear vein puncture in rabbits at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. All the blood samples were analysed for glucose by GOD/POD method. The blood samples of rabbits were analysed by HPLC for gliclazide. Gliclazide produced hypoglycaemic/antidiabetic activity in normal and diabetic rats with peak activity at 1 h and 8 h and hypoglycaemic activity in normal rabbits at 3 h, while nicorandil alone produced significant hyperglycaemia at 4 h and reduced the effect of gliclazide with no significant change in pharmacokinetics when administered in combination. The interaction observed appears to be pharmacodynamic at the receptor level as expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Satyanarayana
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, 530 003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Davis SN. The role of glimepiride in the effective management of Type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2004; 18:367-76. [PMID: 15531188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2004.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Accepted: 07/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a disorder of impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance, has reached epidemic proportions. The effective management of Type 2 diabetes is of vital concern to clinicians. The identification of high-risk individuals and lifestyle management can help control diabetes; however, most patients require pharmacologic intervention. The goals of pharmacologic therapy are to achieve adequate glycemic control while avoiding hypoglycemia and weight gain and to minimize the risk of future micro- and macrovascular complications. There are a number of available glucose-lowering agents from which to choose. This review focuses on the sulfonylureas, the first oral agents introduced for the management of Type 2 diabetes, which are effective, well-tolerated, and well-established drugs, Second-generation sulfonylureas are now widely used in the management of Type 2 diabetes. The most recent addition, glimepiride, can be used in combination with metformin, the thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and insulin. The unique properties of glimepiride may provide advantages over other currently available insulin secretagogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Davis
- Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 715 Preston Research Building, Nashville, TN 37232-6303, USA.
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Yap WS, Peterson GM, Vial JH, Randall CT, Greenaway TM. Review of management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Pharm Ther 1998; 23:457-65. [PMID: 10048507 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2710.1998.00185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Commonly used drugs for type 2 diabetes are not ideal. The sulphonylureas, especially potent and long-acting agents such as glibenclamide, can induce hypoglycaemia, while metformin carries the risk of lactic acidosis. AIM To review the management of type 2 diabetes at the major teaching hospital in Tasmania, Australia, principally to determine the extent of use of glibenclamide and metformin in the elderly and patients where published contraindications are present. METHODS A retrospective review of the medical records for 150 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes admitted to the hospital in mid-1997, was performed. An extensive range of demographic and clinical variables was recorded for each patient. These included the duration of type 2 diabetes, the presence of other medical conditions, medication history, presence of any contraindications to the use of metformin or sulphonylureas, biochemical measures of diabetic control, and the presence of any diabetic complications. RESULTS The mean (+/-SD) age of the 150 patients included in the study was 70.1+/-11.8 years. The mean body mass index was 28.7+/-6.2 kg/m2 and the mean recent HbA1c level was 86+/-21%; only 24.7% of patients had a HbA1c level of 7% or lower. Of the 45 patients using glibenclamide, 40 (88.9%) had one or more risk factors for hypoglycaemia: over 65 years of age, renal impairment, or cognitive impairment and living alone. The study also found an extensive use of metformin in patients with contraindications and at highest risk of developing lactic acidosis. Sixty-six out of 70 patients (94%) using metformin had at least one contraindication according to the manufacturer's prescribing information, 57% of patients had two or three contraindications and 14% of patients had more than three contraindications. More than 20% of the patients had a renal function below published exclusion criteria. CONCLUSIONS There was evidence of over-utilization of metformin and glibenclamide in type 2 diabetes patients most at risk of adverse reactions. Insulin therapy could be a safer and more effective management strategy in many of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Yap
- Tasmanian School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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Campbell DB, Lavielle R, Nathan C. The mode of action and clinical pharmacology of gliclazide: a review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1991; 14 Suppl 2:S21-36. [PMID: 1794262 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8227(91)90005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gliclazide is a sulphonylurea drug with an intermediate half-life of around 11 hours. It is extensively metabolised, and renal clearance accounts for only 4% of total drug clearance. The molecule contains an azabicyclo-octyl group which confers special properties on the basic sulphonylurea moiety. Gliclazide stimulates insulin secretion through the beta cell sulphonylurea receptor, and possibly through a direct effect on intracellular calcium transport. It specifically improves the abnormal first phase insulin release in type 2 diabetes, and also has an effect on the second phase. This pattern of insulin release is thought to explain the lower incidence of hypoglycaemic episodes and weight gain compared with some other sulphonylureas. There is also a reduction in hepatic glucose production and improvement in glucose clearance, without changes in insulin receptors. This suggests a possible post-receptor effect on insulin action, perhaps by stimulation of hepatic fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase and muscle glycogen synthase. Gliclazide reduces platelet adhesion, aggregation and hyperactivity and increases fibrinolysis. These actions, thought to be independent of its hypoglycaemic activity, may make gliclazide useful in halting the progression of diabetic microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Campbell
- Servier Research and Development, Fulmer, Slough, U.K
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