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Aubry A, Gonthier C, Bourdin B. Explaining the high working memory capacity of gifted children: Contributions of processing skills and executive control. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 218:103358. [PMID: 34216982 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectually gifted children tend to demonstrate especially high working memory capacity, an ability that holds a critical role in intellectual functioning. What could explain the differences in working memory performance between intellectually gifted and nongifted children? We investigated this issue by measuring working memory capacity with complex spans in a sample of 55 gifted and 55 nongifted children. Based on prior studies, we expected the higher working memory capacity of intellectually gifted children to be driven by more effective executive control, as measured using the Attention Network Test. The findings confirmed that intellectually gifted children had higher working memory capacity than typical children, as well as more effective executive attention. Surprisingly, however, working memory differences between groups were not mediated by differences in executive attention. Instead, it appears that gifted children resolve problems faster in the processing phase of the working memory task, which leaves them more time to refresh to-be-remembered items. This faster problem solving speed mediated their advantage in working memory capacity. Importantly, this effect was specific to speed on complex problems: low-level processing speed, as measured with the Attention Network Test, did not contribute to the higher working memory capacity of gifted children.
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Zajac IT, Burns NR. Relationships between three auditory inspection time tasks and processing speed. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-9536.2011.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian T. Zajac
- University of Adelaide, Psychology, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas R. Burns
- University of Adelaide, Psychology, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abdi Sargezeh B, Ayatollahi A, Daliri MR. Investigation of eye movement pattern parameters of individuals with different fluid intelligence. Exp Brain Res 2018; 237:15-28. [PMID: 30298295 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5392-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eye movement studies are subject of interest in human cognition. Cortical activity and cognitive load impress eye movement influentially. Here, we investigated whether fluid intelligence (FI) has any effect on eye movement pattern in a comparative visual search (CVS) task. FI of individuals was measured using the Cattell test, and participants were divided into three groups: low FI, middle FI, and high FI. Eye movements of individuals were then recorded during the CVS task. Eye movement patterns were extracted and compared statistically among the three groups. Our experiment demonstrated that eye movement patterns were significantly different among the three groups. Pearson correlation coefficients between FI and eye movement parameters were also calculated to assess which of the eye movement parameters were most affected by FI. Our findings illustrate that saccade peak velocity had the greatest positive correlation with FI score and the ratio of total fixation duration to total saccade duration had the greatest negative correlation with FI. Next, we extracted 24 features from eye movement patterns and designed: (1) a classifier to categorize individuals and (2) a regression analysis to predict the FI score of individuals. In the best case examined, the classifier categorized subjects with 68.3% accuracy, and the regression predicted FI of individuals with a 0.54 correlation between observed FI and predicted FI. In our investigation, the results have emphasized that imposed loads on low FI individuals is greater than that of high FI individuals in the cognitive load tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Abdi Sargezeh
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab., Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), 16846-13114, Narmak, Tehran, Iran.,Electronics Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), 16846-13114, Narmak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ayatollahi
- Electronics Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), 16846-13114, Narmak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Daliri
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Lab., Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), 16846-13114, Narmak, Tehran, Iran.
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Van Biesen D, McCulloch K, Janssens L, Vanlandewijck YC. The relation between intelligence and reaction time in tasks with increasing cognitive load among athletes with intellectual impairment. INTELLIGENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Verney SP, Granholm E, Marshall SP, Malcarne VL, Saccuzzo DP. Culture-Fair Cognitive Ability Assessment. Assessment 2016; 12:303-19. [PMID: 16123251 DOI: 10.1177/1073191105276674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Valid assessment with diverse populations requires tools that are not influenced by cultural elements. This study investigated the relationships between culture, information processing efficiency, and general cognitive capacities in samples of Caucasian and Mexican American college students. Consistent with the neural efficiency hypothesis, pupillary responses (indexing mental effort) and detection accuracy scores on a visual backward-masking task were both significantly related to the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Full Scale scores. These measures of information processing efficiency were similar in the two groups. However, they were related only to Caucasian American, but not to a comparable sample of Mexican American, students’ WAIS-R scores. Therefore, the differential validity in prediction suggests that the WAIS-R test may contain cultural influences that reduce the validity of the WAIS-R as a measure of cognitive ability for Mexican American students. Information processing and psychophysiological approaches may be helpful in developing culture-fair cognitive ability measures.
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Dix A, van der Meer E. Arithmetic and algebraic problem solving and resource allocation: the distinct impact of fluid and numerical intelligence. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:544-54. [PMID: 25327870 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates cognitive resource allocation dependent on fluid and numerical intelligence in arithmetic/algebraic tasks varying in difficulty. Sixty-six 11th grade students participated in a mathematical verification paradigm, while pupil dilation as a measure of resource allocation was collected. Students with high fluid intelligence solved the tasks faster and more accurately than those with average fluid intelligence, as did students with high compared to average numerical intelligence. However, fluid intelligence sped up response times only in students with average but not high numerical intelligence. Further, high fluid but not numerical intelligence led to greater task-related pupil dilation. We assume that fluid intelligence serves as a domain-general resource that helps to tackle problems for which domain-specific knowledge (numerical intelligence) is missing. The allocation of this resource can be measured by pupil dilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Dix
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, & Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Berlin, Germany
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Zajac IT, Burns NR. Measuring Auditory Inspection Time in Primary School Children. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2007. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001.28.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between visual inspection time (VIT) and a new measure of auditory inspection time (AIT: see Parker, Crawford, & Stephen, 1999 ). The purpose was twofold: first, to understand the generality of the mechanism underpinning performance on visual IT tasks (VIT); second, to evaluate the efficacy of this new auditory task. Participants were 80 primary school children aged 10–12 years. They each completed AIT, VIT, and a marker test for each of general speediness (Gs), fluid ability (Gf), and crystallized ability (Gc). AIT and VIT were positively correlated with each other, and they both correlated with the marker of Gs. However, the data suggest that the nature of IT tasks changes as task difficulty increases. Thus, IT appears to be a purer measure of processing speed at longer exposure durations. These findings are discussed in relation to the methodology employed in IT estimation and in light of recent comments concerning the psychological complexity of IT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T. Zajac
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Australia
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McCrory C, Cooper C. The relationship between three auditory inspection time tasks and general intelligence. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2004.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Verney SP, Granholm E, Marshall SP. Pupillary responses on the visual backward masking task reflect general cognitive ability. Int J Psychophysiol 2004; 52:23-36. [PMID: 15003370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive processing efficiency requires both an ability to attend to task-relevant stimuli with quickness and accuracy, also while filtering distracting or task-irrelevant stimuli. This study investigated cognitive processing efficiency by using pupillary responses as an index of attentional allocation to relevant target and irrelevant masks on a visual backward masking task. The relationship between attentional allocation on this task and general cognitive ability on the scholastic aptitude test (SAT) was examined in college students (n=67). A principle components analysis of the pupillary response waveform isolated a late component that appeared to index the attentional demands associated with processing masks on the backward masking task. This pupillary response index of wasteful resource allocation to the mask accounted for significant variance in SAT scores over and above that accounted for by socio-economic status and target detection accuracy scores. Consistent with the neural efficiency hypothesis, individuals who allocated more resources to processing irrelevant information performed more poorly on cognitive ability tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Verney
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Grudnik JL, Kranzler JH. Meta-analysis of the relationship between intelligence and inspection time. INTELLIGENCE 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Burns NR, Nettelbeck T, Cooper CJ. Inspection time correlates with general speed of processing but not with fluid ability. INTELLIGENCE 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0160-2896(99)00013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Burns NR, Nettelbeck T, White M. Testing the interpretation of inspection time as a measure of speed of sensory processing. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Furlow FB, Armijo-Prewitt T, Gangestad SW, Thornhill R. Fluctuating asymmetry and psychometric intelligence. Proc Biol Sci 1997; 264:823-9. [PMID: 9265189 PMCID: PMC1688437 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1997.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the genetic nature of human psychometric intelligence (IQ), but it is widely assumed that IQ's heritability is at loci for intelligence per se. We present evidence consistent with a hypothesis that interindividual IQ differences are partly due to heritable vulnerabilities to environmental sources of developmental stress, an indirect genetic mechanism for the heritability of IQ. Using fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of the body (the asymmetry resulting from errors in the development of normally symmetrical bilateral traits under stressful conditions), we estimated the relative developmental instability of 112 undergraduates and administered to them Cattell's culture fair intelligence test (CFIT). A subsequent replication on 128 students was performed. In both samples, FA correlated negatively and significantly with CFIT scores. We propose two non-mutually exclusive physiological explanations for this correlation. First, external body FA may correlate negatively with the developmental integrity of the brain. Second, individual energy budget allocations and/or low metabolic efficiency in high-FA individuals may lower IQ scores. We review the data on IQ in light of our findings and conclude that improving developmental quality may increase average IQ in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Furlow
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131-1091, USA.
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Deary IJ. Intelligence and auditory discrimination: Separating processing speed and fidelity of stimulus representation. INTELLIGENCE 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0160-2896(94)90027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nettelbeck T, Young R. Inspection time and intelligence in 7-yr-old children: A follow-up. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(90)90155-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Neubauer AC. Speed of information processing in the hick paradigm and response latencies in a psychometric intelligence test. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(90)90007-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
It has been suggested that successful batsmen in cricket are not distinguished by their fast speed of visual information intake. A study is presented in which a season's batting averages for twenty regular cricketers, all members of the same local team, were correlated with the cricketers' visual inspection times. The correlation was -0.63 (p less than 0.005), suggesting that the successful batsmen were faster at picking up information from briefly presented visual displays. When the age factor was eliminated, the partial correlation between inspection time and batting average remained significant at -0.52 (p less than 0.01). This finding is discussed with respect to the sources of information available from a ball in flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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Deary IJ, Caryl PG, Egan V, Wight D. Visual and auditory inspection time: Their interrelationship and correlations with IQ in high ability subjects. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(89)90034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Larson GE, Merritt CR, Williams SE. Information processing and intelligence: Some implications of task complexity. INTELLIGENCE 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0160-2896(88)90012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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