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Ma H, Brooks JA, Iwata AJ, Li P, Zhong Q, Fang J, Randolph GW. Benign Intratracheal Thyroid: A Systematic Review of 43 Cases With Five New Case Reports. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:E2609-E2617. [PMID: 34184770 PMCID: PMC8457119 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS To examine the clinical features of benign intratracheal thyroid (ITT) and their management strategies and outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Case series study. METHODS This systemic review was conducted in two international academic centers. This review includes 43 patients: one new case from the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, four new cases from Beijing Tongren Hospital, and 38 previously published cases. We analyzed these 43 cases and summarized the patients' epidemiological data, clinical features, and treatment regimens. RESULTS ITTs were less common in men than in women (male:female ratio of 3:10). ITT was observed in patients as young as neonates and as old as 85 years. Orthotopic thyroid nodules were present in 55.8% of the patients with ITT. Malignancy was incidentally found in 4.6% of all ITTs. Imaging examinations showed that the ITTs were typically attached to the posterolateral/lateral tracheal wall of the first, second, or third tracheal rings. Tissue attachment between the ITT and normal thyroid lobes was seen in 59.5% of the patients. Thirty-seven patients underwent surgery: 30 underwent open surgery, and seven underwent endoscopic debulking resections. One neonate received thyroid suppression therapy. One patient with ITT and papillary thyroid cancer was treated with radiotherapy and ultimately died after recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Surgical resection is an effective treatment for benign ITT. We hypothesized that abnormalities during the embryonic development of Berry's ligament might play a role in ITT pathogenesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:E2609-E2617, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Jennifer A Brooks
- Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Ayaka J Iwata
- Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Pingdong Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Jugao Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Gregory W Randolph
- Department of Otolaryngology, Division of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Endocrine Surgery Service, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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Ectopic Intratracheal Thyroid: A Rare Cause of Airway Obstruction. Case Rep Otolaryngol 2018; 2018:2897943. [PMID: 29796329 PMCID: PMC5896422 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2897943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic intratracheal thyroid tissue (EITT) is a rare abnormality with only limited cases reported so far. The presenting symptoms can be very similar to those of bronchial asthma. We discuss the case of a 29-year-old man with subglottic ectopic thyroid, with a history of thyroid surgery for goiter, which has been managed with laser-assisted endoscopic approach. We have also included presenting symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of EITT. We aim to include EITT in the differentials of airway obstruction, particularly in those patients who have goiter or previous thyroid surgeries.
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Abstract
The endoluminal presence of thyroid tissue in the trachea is a rare cause of airway obstruction. Only 14 well documented cases of intratracheal ectopic thyroid tissue have been reported in English Literature since 1966. These lesions are mostly benign and nearly all patients present with symptoms of respiratory obstruction. We present a case of ectopic thyroid in cervical trachea presenting with symptoms of airway obstruction. Thorough clinical examination and investigations were carried out. A right hemithyroidectomy and excision of a part of the tracheal wall through a tracheotomy was performed for removal of the ectopic thyroid tissue from trachea. The clinicians & radiologists must be aware of this entity to avoid mistaking it for evidence of invasion by a malignant neoplas, and hence this report.
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Karakullukçu B, Güvenç MG, Cansiz H, Öktem F, Öz B. Intratracheal Ectopic Thyroid: Case Report and Review. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/014556130708600718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratracheal ectopic thyroid tissue is a rare abnormality that can cause airway obstruction. The symptoms can easily be confused with those of bronchial asthma. We describe the case of a 40-year-old man with subglottic thyroid tissue and multinodular goiter who had been misdiagnosed earlier with bronchial asthma. After the correct diagnosis was established, the lesion was excised via an external approach. We also discuss the clinical features and management of intratracheal thyroid tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariş Karakullukçu
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M. Güven Güvenç
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Harun Cansiz
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatih Öktem
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büge Öz
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
A 19-year-old woman was treated with bronchodilators for new-onset dyspnea with exercise. Her symptoms progressively worsened, culminating 4 months later in acute shortness of breath at rest. Flow-volume loops suggested a fixed obstruction and a computed tomography scan of the neck revealed a large subglottic mass. The patient underwent emergent tracheostomy and laryngoscopy and a near-obstructing intratracheal mass was found. Biopsy showed ectopic thyroid tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging of the neck showed a 1.4-cm tracheal lesion and a normally located thyroid gland. The intratracheal mass was resected endoscopically. Pathology revealed hyperplastic ectopic thyroid tissue. The patient has been maintained on thyroid hormone suppression therapy for 2 years without growth of the residual intratracheal thyroid tissue. She recently underwent a surgical palate expansion. We present this case, along with a literature review of ectopic intratracheal thyroid, its epidemiology, possible etiologies, genetic underpinnings, presentation, and treatment. The co-occurrence of an ectopic thyroid, a functioning orthotopic gland, and a high arched palate is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel E Bowen-Wright
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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Byrd MC, Thompson LD, Wieneke JA. Intratracheal Ectopic Thyroid Tissue: A Case Report and Literature Review. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2003. [DOI: 10.1177/014556130308200719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss a case of intratracheal ectopic thyroid tissue (ETT) that was retrieved from the files of the Otorhino-laryngic–Head and Neck Pathology Registry at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. The patient was a 54-year-old man who had a history of papillary thyroid carcinoma, which had been treated with a subtotal thyroidectomy. During routine follow-up 4 years later, the patient's primary care physician detected an elevated thyroglobu-lin level. Further referrals and evaluations revealed that the patient had intratracheal ETT. The patient refused to undergo surgical excision and remains without evidence of recurrent carcinoma. In a MEDLINE literature review, we found only 13 other well-documented cases of intratracheal ETT since 1966; in all but two cases, patients had benign disease. Once the possibility of thyroid carcinoma has been eliminated by histologic examination, intratracheal ETT can be managed by complete surgical excision with the prospect of an excellent long-term clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Byrd
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, the Cleveland Clinic
| | - Lester D.R. Thompson
- Department of Endocrine and Otorhinolaryngic–Head and Neck Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C
| | - Jacqueline A. Wieneke
- Department of Endocrine and Otorhinolaryngic–Head and Neck Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C
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Døssing H, Jørgensen KE, Oster-Jørgensen E, Krogdahl A, Hegedüs L. Recurrent pregnancy-related upper airway obstruction caused by intratracheal ectopic thyroid tissue. Thyroid 1999; 9:955-8. [PMID: 10524576 DOI: 10.1089/thy.1999.9.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An unusual case of recurrent pregnancy-related thyroid growth stimulation is reported. A 27-year-old euthyroid woman had pulmonary symptoms, thought to be asthma during her first pregnancy, that improved postpartum. Bronchodilatators had no effect and symptoms recurred from gestational week 22 during her second pregnancy. Her 58-mL multinodular goiter (by ultrasound) was not thought to be responsible for her upper airway symptoms. Therefore, fiber laryngoscopy and computed tomographic (CT) scan were performed and revealed a 20 x 15 x 10 mm intratracheal tumor. After tracheostomy and microlaryngoscopy, benign goitrous thyroid tissue was removed through a tracheal fissure during gestational week 35. Postoperatively the patient had stopped medication and was without any pulmonary symptoms. The child was delivered by cesarean section in gestational week 39. Apgar score was normal and the child has developed normally. We believe that this case illustrates the recurrent effect of pregnancy-related thyroid tissue stimulation by a combination of increasing human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation and iodine deficiency in a borderline iodine-deficient region. This is the first report on symptomatic intratracheal ectopic thyroid tissue diagnosed during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Døssing
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
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See AC, Patel SG, Montgomery PQ, Rhys Evans PH, Fisher C. Intralaryngotracheal thyroid--ectopic thyroid or invasive carcinoma? J Laryngol Otol 1998; 112:673-6. [PMID: 9775304 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215100141428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Intralaryngotracheal thyroid is a rare clinical condition with only about 125 cases described so far in the literature. We present an unusual case of intralaryngotracheal thyroid which had many clinical features of malignancy and yet appeared benign on histology. As in this case, well-differentiated thyroid cancer can present with locally aggressive clinical features and can pose a dilemma in management if treatment decisions are guided solely by histological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C See
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
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