Chemical communication between neurones: The significance of temporal patterning

Neuroactive substances in the dorsal vagal complex of the medulla oblongata: nucleus of the tractus solitarius, area postrema, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus

The distributions of classical and putative neurotransmitters within somata and fibres of the dorsal vagal complex are reviewed. The occurrence within the dorsal medulla oblongata of receptors specific for some of these substances is examined, and possible functional correlations of the specific neurochemicals with respect to their distribution within the dorsal vagal complex are discussed. Many of the known transmitters and putative transmitters are represented in the dorsal vagal complex, particularly within various subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary tract, the main vagal afferent nucleus. In a few cases, some of these have been examined in detail, particularly with respect to their possible mediation of cardiovascular or gastrointestinal functions. For example, the catecholamines, substance P and angiotensin II in the nucleus of the solitary tract have all been strongly implicated as playing a role in the central control of cardiovascular function. Other neurotransmitters or putative transmitters may be involved as well, but probably to a lesser extent. Similarly, the roles in the dorsal vagal complex of dopamine, the endorphins and cholecystokinin in control of the gut have been studied in some detail. Future investigations of the distributions of and electrophysiological parameters of neurotransmitters at the cellular level should provide much needed clues to advance our knowledge of the correlations between anatomical distributions of specific neurochemicals and physiological functions mediated by them.

[Brain gangliosides and memory formation]

It is generally accepted that the process of molecular facilitation (= Bahnung) of neuronal circuits by means of stabilization of synaptic contacts represents the structural basis for memory formation. On the basis of physiological, electron microscopic, biochemical, and physicochemical data, a concept is presented speaking in favor of the idea that interactions between brain gangliosides (= amphiphilic sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids with peculiar physicochemical properties), calcium, and functional membraneous proteins (ion channels, ion pumps, receptors, kinases) play a crucial modulatory role in the transmission and storage of information.