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Sadashiva MP, Gowda R, Wu X, Inamdar GS, Kuzu OF, Rangappa KS, Robertson GP, Gowda DC. A non-cytotoxic N-dehydroabietylamine derivative with potent antimalarial activity. Exp Parasitol 2015; 155:68-73. [PMID: 25982031 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria caused by the Plasmodium parasites continues to be an enormous global health problem owing to wide spread drug resistance of parasites to many of the available antimalarial drugs. Therefore, development of new classes of antimalarial agents is essential to effectively treat malaria. In this study, the efficacy of naturally occurring diterpenoids, dehydroabietylamine and abietic acid, and their synthetic derivatives was assessed for antimalarial activity. Dehydroabietylamine and its N-trifluoroacetyl, N-tribromoacetyl, N-benzoyl, and N-benzyl derivatives showed excellent activity against P. falciparum parasites with IC50 values of 0.36 to 2.6 µM. Interestingly, N-dehydroabietylbenzamide showed potent antimalarial activity (IC50 0.36), and negligible cytotoxicity (IC50 >100 µM) to mammalian cells; thus, this compound can be an important antimalarial drug. In contrast, abietic acid was only marginally effective, exhibiting an IC50 value of ~82 µM. Several carboxylic group-derivatives of abietic acid were moderately active with IC50 values of ~8.2 to ~13.3 µM. These results suggest that a detailed understanding of the structure-activity relationship of abietane diterpenoids might provide strategies to exploit this class of compounds for malaria treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maralinganadoddi P Sadashiva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore, 570 006, India.
| | - Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Xianzhu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gajanan S Inamdar
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Omer F Kuzu
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | - Gavin P Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - D Channe Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Synthesis and NMR Spectral Studies of the 7-C60-Adduct of N,N-(Tetrachlorophthaloyl) Dehydroabietylamine. Molecules 2012; 17:4209-18. [PMID: 22481541 PMCID: PMC6268738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17044209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 7-C60-adduct of N,N-(tetrachlorophthaloyl)dehydroabietylamine was synthesized for the first time and characterized by IR, UV-vis, mass and NMR spectral studies. The 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR resonance signals of the new compound are unambiguously assigned by using homo- and heteronuclear 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques such as COSY, ROESY, HSQC and HMBC. The C1 symmetric structure with 6,6-junction of compound was determined.
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Wu Y, Rao XP, Wang ZD, Song ZQ, Yao XJ. N-(2-Pyridylmethyleneamino)dehydroabietylamine. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o786. [PMID: 21582511 PMCID: PMC2968828 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809009040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Rao X, Song Z, Yao X, Gao H, Ye B. The green approaches for the synthesis ofN-dehydroabieticα-aminophosphonates. Nat Prod Res 2008; 22:890-5. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410701642581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rao X, Song Z, He L. Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel α‐aminophosphonates from diterpenic dehydroabietylamine. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jiménez M, Cabanes J, Gandía-Herrero F, Escribano J, García-Carmona F, Pérez-Gilabert M. A continuous spectrophotometric assay for phospholipase A(2) activity. Anal Biochem 2003; 319:131-7. [PMID: 12842116 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple continuous spectrophotometric method for assaying phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity. The procedure is based on a coupled enzymatic assay, using dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine as phospholipase substrate and lipoxygenase as coupling enzyme. The linoleic acid released by phospholipase was oxidized by lipoxygenase and then phospholipase activity was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the increase in absorbance at 234 nm due to the formation of the corresponding hydroperoxide from the linoleic acid. The optimal assay concentrations of hog pancreatic phospholipase A(2) and lipoxygenase were established. PLA(2) activity varied with pH, reaching its optimal value at pH 8.5. Scans of the deoxycholate concentration pointed to an optimal detergent concentration of 3mM. Phospholipid hydrolysis followed classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics (V(m)=1.8 microM/min, K(m)=4.5 microM, V(m)/K(m)=0.4 min(-1)). This assay also allows PLA(2) inhibitors, such as p-bromophenacyl bromide or dehydroabietylamine acetate, to be studied. This method was proved to be specific since there was no activity in the absence of phospholipase A(2). It also has the advantages of a short analysis time and the use of commercially nonradiolabeled and inexpensive substrates, which are, furthermore, natural substrates of phospholipase A(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo 30071, Murcia, Spain.
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Puri RN. Phospholipase A2: its role in ADP- and thrombin-induced platelet activation mechanisms. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998; 30:1107-22. [PMID: 9785476 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(98)00080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ADP and thrombin are two of the most important agonists of platelet aggregation--a cellular response that is critical for maintaining normal hemostasis. However, aberrant platelet aggregation induced by these agonists plays a central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Agonist-induced primary or secondary activation of phospholipases leads to generation of the second messengers that participate in biochemical reactions essential to a number of platelet responses elicited by ADP and thrombin. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been linked to cardiovascular diseases. However, the mechanism(s) of activation of PLA2 in platelets stimulated by ADP and thrombin has remained less well defined and much less appreciated. The purpose of this review is to examine and compare the molecular mechanisms of activation of PLA2 in platelets stimulated by ADP and thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Puri
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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Nicolaou A, Kokotos G, Constantinou-Kokotou V, Charitos C, Noula C, Verger R, Gibbons WA. Synthesis and properties of novel lipopeptides and lipid mimetics. J Pept Sci 1997; 3:291-8. [PMID: 9262648 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1387(199707)3:4<291::aid-psc120>3.0.co;2-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipid mimetics, synthetic molecules that resemble natural lipids either structurally or functionally, have been developed as potential medicinal substances. They have been successfully applied in the development of drug and peptide delivery systems and for the development of inhibitors or lipid metabolizing enzymes. Phospholipase A2 is considered to be involved as the rate-limiting step in the production of lipid mediators of inflammatory responses and, as such, it has been a target for drug design. A series of lipid mimetics including lipopeptides, amides and alcohols of lipidic alpha-amino acids, have been tested by bulk and monolayer assay techniques. The findings suggested the direct interaction of the tested compounds with porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2. The inactivation of the enzyme occurred in a competitive manner. The most active compound I (2-amino-N-hexadecyl-L-hexanamide) showed an apparent IC50 of 12 microM and inhibitory power Z = 13 in the monolayer assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nicolaou
- University-Industry Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
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A quantitative structure—activity relationship analysis of a series of 2′-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)-4′-substituted methanesulfonilides. Eur J Med Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(96)88225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Glaser KB. Regulation of phospholipase A2 enzymes: selective inhibitors and their pharmacological potential. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1995; 32:31-66. [PMID: 7748798 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The area of PLA2 research has grown immensely over the past 20 years. There is a better understanding of the kinetics, or factors that affect the kinetics, of the different forms of PLA2. New forms of PLA2 are being discovered, such as the cPLA2, which fit the role of an intracellularly regulated enzyme. Multiple forms of PLA2 tend to complicate the elucidation of the cellular mechanisms that regulate AA release and the subsequent eicosanoid production. Because of the factors that affect PLA2 kinetics and the unknown nature of the PLA2 that regulates AA release (there may be more than one), it has been difficult to design or isolate specific inhibitors. This review discussed selected classes of inhibitors because these have generated the most intense research in the field. There is a multitude of structurally diverse compounds reported in the literature that have been reported to be inhibitors of PLA2 in vitro and some have been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity (Wilkerson, 1990; Connolly and Robinson, 1993a). It is clear from a brief survey of the literature that the bulk of PLA2 inhibitors have topical anti-inflammatory activity. This may be due to the nature of these inhibitors: because they are hydrophobic they may be more readily absorbed in the skin whereas when given orally they may not be absorbed. To data, manoalide has been clinically evaluated in man and a new Bristol-Myers Squibb retenoid derivative may enter clinical trials for psoriasis (BMS-181162 (XVI)); however, there are no PLA2 inhibitors on the market or significantly advanced in clinical development (Table III). This indicates the lack of understanding of this enzyme for the development of relevant inhibitors, which is related to the lack of understanding of the relevant PLA2 that regulates AA release and eicosanoid biosynthesis. The concept of regulation of eicosanoid biosynthesis by PLA2 inhibition and decreased AA availability still remains a viable therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The proof of this concept has not been obtained because of the complex nature of PLA2 and the multiple forms of PLA2 in the cell. Clinical results with cyclooxygenase inhibitors and recent clinical results with inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase demonstrate that if inhibition of PLA2 results in reduction in both lipid mediators, a good anti-inflammatory compound should result. The added advantage of PLA2 inhibitors would be the reduction of PAF levels; however, the clinical results with potent and specific PAF antagonists has been less encouraging about the potential benefits of reduction in PAF levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Glaser
- Wyeth-Ayerst Research/Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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Mukherjee AB, Miele L, Pattabiraman N. Phospholipase A2 enzymes: regulation and physiological role. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 48:1-10. [PMID: 8043009 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A B Mukherjee
- Section on Developmental Genetics, Human Genetics Branch, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Wilkerson WW, Galbraith W, DeLucca I, Harris RR. Topical antiinflammatory dehydroabietylamine derivatives. IV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Märki F, Breitenstein W, Beriger E, Bernasconi R, Caravatti G, Francis JE, Paioni R, Wehrli HU, Wiederkehr R. Differential inhibition of human secretory and cytosolic phospholipase A2. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1993; 38:202-11. [PMID: 8213347 DOI: 10.1007/bf01976212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The roles and relative contributions of secretory and cytosolic phospholipases A2 in physiology and pathology are not precisely known. In a search for differential inhibitors of these enzymes, which could serve as tools to clarify this issue, we evaluated the potencies of reference compounds and three series of new compounds, viz. substrate analogues, 1,2-amino alcohols and enolized beta-tricarbonyl derivatives, as inhibitors of secretory phospholipase A2 from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (sPLA2) and of cytosolic phospholipase A2 from human U937 cells (cPLA2). With few exceptions, the compounds selected are potent inhibitors of sPLA2 with IC50 values (concentration inhibiting 50%) in the low micromolar range. Inhibition of cPLA2 was only observed with some phosphate-free substrate analogues, with 1,2-amino alcohols and two of seven reference compounds. These results suggest that inhibition of secretory and of cytosolic phospholipases A2 are independent effects. Several inhibitors could be identified with a marked selectivity for sPLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Märki
- Research Department, Ciba-Geigy Limited, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
The phospholipase A2 enzymes are important components of the cellular machinery that responds to inflammatory stimuli and maintains cell homeostasis by membrane remodelling. Their role as the rate-limiting step in the production of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators makes these enzymes an important therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Keith Glaser and colleagues explain how the two major groups of phospholipase A2, the secretory and cytosolic forms, are very different both structurally and enzymatically. Understanding the relative contributions of these different forms of phospholipase A2 to physiological and pathological conditions requires greater insight into their cellular regulation and the development of selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Glaser
- Wyeth-Ayerst Research, Princeton, NJ 08543
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Chapter 12. Novel Approaches to Anti-Inflammatory Agents as Therapeutics for Pulmonary Disease. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Anti-inflammatory phospholipase-A2 inhibitors. II. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(92)90138-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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