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Hooshmand S, Kassanos P, Keshavarz M, Duru P, Kayalan CI, Kale İ, Bayazit MK. Wearable Nano-Based Gas Sensors for Environmental Monitoring and Encountered Challenges in Optimization. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8648. [PMID: 37896744 PMCID: PMC10611361 DOI: 10.3390/s23208648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
With a rising emphasis on public safety and quality of life, there is an urgent need to ensure optimal air quality, both indoors and outdoors. Detecting toxic gaseous compounds plays a pivotal role in shaping our sustainable future. This review aims to elucidate the advancements in smart wearable (nano)sensors for monitoring harmful gaseous pollutants, such as ammonia (NH3), nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), hydrocarbons (CxHy), and hydrogen fluoride (HF). Differentiating this review from its predecessors, we shed light on the challenges faced in enhancing sensor performance and offer a deep dive into the evolution of sensing materials, wearable substrates, electrodes, and types of sensors. Noteworthy materials for robust detection systems encompass 2D nanostructures, carbon nanomaterials, conducting polymers, nanohybrids, and metal oxide semiconductors. A dedicated section dissects the significance of circuit integration, miniaturization, real-time sensing, repeatability, reusability, power efficiency, gas-sensitive material deposition, selectivity, sensitivity, stability, and response/recovery time, pinpointing gaps in the current knowledge and offering avenues for further research. To conclude, we provide insights and suggestions for the prospective trajectory of smart wearable nanosensors in addressing the extant challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hooshmand
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Panagiotis Kassanos
- The Hamlyn Centre, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Meysam Keshavarz
- The Hamlyn Centre, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pelin Duru
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (P.D.); (C.I.K.)
| | - Cemre Irmak Kayalan
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (P.D.); (C.I.K.)
| | - İzzet Kale
- Applied DSP and VLSI Research Group, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK;
| | - Mustafa Kemal Bayazit
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (P.D.); (C.I.K.)
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Nakata S, Akakabe S, Nakasuji M, Yoshikawa K. Gas Sensing Based on a Nonlinear Response: Discrimination between Hydrocarbons and Quantification of Individual Components in a Gas Mixture. Anal Chem 2012; 68:2067-72. [PMID: 21619295 DOI: 10.1021/ac9510954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel sensing system is proposed based on the multidimensional information contained in a dynamic nonlinear response. A sinusoidal temperature change was applied to a SnO(2) semiconductor gas sensor, and the resulting output conductance of the sensor was analyzed by fast Fourier transformation (FFT). The higher harmonics of the FFT characterized the nonlinear properties of the response. The amplitudes of the higher harmonics of the FFT exhibit characteristic changes which depend on the chemical structure, concentration, and the kinetics of adsorption and the reaction of hydrocarbon gases and aromatic vapors on the sensor surface. In addition, it is possible to distinguish between gases in a gaseous mixture with a single detector using this dynamic nonlinear response. Nonlinear responses are discussed in relation to the kinetics of the reaction at the sensor surface and the temperature-dependent barrier potential of the semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara 630, Japan, and Graduate School of Human Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
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Yogamalar R, Mahendran V, Srinivasan R, Beitollahi A, Kumar RP, Bose AC, Vinu A. Gas-Sensing Properties of Needle-Shaped Ni-Doped SnO2 Nanocrystals Prepared by a Simple Sol-Gel Chemical Precipitation Method. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:2379-85. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bakrania SD, Wooldridge MS. The effects of two thick film deposition methods on tin dioxide gas sensor performance. SENSORS 2009; 9:6853-68. [PMID: 22399977 PMCID: PMC3290492 DOI: 10.3390/s90906853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the variability in performance between SnO2 thick film gas sensors prepared using two types of film deposition methods. SnO2 powders were deposited on sensor platforms with and without the use of binders. Three commonly utilized binder recipes were investigated, and a new binder-less deposition procedure was developed and characterized. The binder recipes yielded sensors with poor film uniformity and poor structural integrity, compared to the binder-less deposition method. Sensor performance at a fixed operating temperature of 330 °C for the different film deposition methods was evaluated by exposure to 500 ppm of the target gas carbon monoxide. A consequence of the poor film structure, large variability and poor signal properties were observed with the sensors fabricated using binders. Specifically, the sensors created using the binder recipes yielded sensor responses that varied widely (e.g., S = 5 – 20), often with hysteresis in the sensor signal. Repeatable and high quality performance was observed for the sensors prepared using the binder-less dispersion-drop method with good sensor response upon exposure to 500 ppm CO (S = 4.0) at an operating temperature of 330 °C, low standard deviation to the sensor response (±0.35) and no signal hysteresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitesh D. Bakrania
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rowan University / 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-856-256-5345; Fax: +1-856-256-5241
| | - Margaret S. Wooldridge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan / 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; E-Mail:
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Nakata S, Okunishi H, Nakashima Y. Distinction of gases with a semiconductor sensor depending on the scanning profile of a cyclic temperature. Analyst 2005; 131:148-54. [PMID: 16365676 DOI: 10.1039/b509996j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A gas-sensing system based on a dynamic nonlinear response is reported to improve the selectivity in the sensor response toward sample gases. A cyclic temperature composed of fundamental and second harmonics was applied to a SnO(2) semiconductor gas sensor and the resulting conductance of the sensor was analyzed by fast Fourier transformation (FFT). The dynamic nonlinear responses to the gas species were further characterized depending on the scanning profile of the temperature. These characteristic sensor responses under the application of second-harmonic perturbation were theoretically considered based on a reaction-diffusion model for the semiconductor surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakata
- Department of Chemistry, Nara University of Education, Takabatake-cho, Nara 630-8528, Japan.
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Nakata S, Ozaki E, Ojima N. Gas sensing based on the dynamic nonlinear responses of a semiconductor gas sensor: dependence on the range and frequency of a cyclic temperature change. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Organized molecular assemblies as receptor centers of solid state chemical sensors. J STRUCT CHEM+ 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00752865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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