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Zhang B, Zhou X, Ren X, Hu X, Ji B. Recent Research on Municipal Sludge as Soil Fertilizer in China: a Review. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2023; 234:119. [PMID: 36776548 PMCID: PMC9906581 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-023-06142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the annual increase in wastewater treatment in most Chinese cities, a major environmental issue has arisen: safe treatment, disposal, and recycling of municipal sludge. Municipal sludge has a high content of carbon and essential nutrients for plant growth; hence, it has gained interest among researchers as a soil fertilizer. This study discusses the potential usage of municipal sludge as soil fertilizer (indicators include nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and trace elements) along with its shortcomings and drawbacks (potentially toxic elements (PTEs), organic matter (OM), pathogens, etc.) as well as reviews the latest reports on the role of municipal sludge in land use. The use of municipal sludge as a soil fertilizer is a sustainable management practice and a single application of sludge does not harm the environment. However, repeated use of sludge may result in the accumulation of harmful chemicals and pathogens that can enter the food chain and endanger human health. Therefore, long-term field studies are needed to develop ways to eliminate these adverse effects and make municipal sludge available for agricultural use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education On Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Zhou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Ningxia Institute of Science and Technology, Shizuishan, 753000 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xupicheng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education On Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education On Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819 People’s Republic of China
| | - Borui Ji
- Liaoning Inspection, Examination & Certification Centre, Liaoning Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Shenyang, 110014 People’s Republic of China
- National Quality Supervision & Testing Center of Petroleum Products, Shenyang, 110014 People’s Republic of China
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Evaluating bioavailability of elements in municipal wastewater sludge (Biosolids) from three rural wastewater treatment plants in East Texas (USA) by a sequential extraction procedure. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Janaydeh M, Ismail A, Zulkifli SZ, Omar H. Toxic heavy metal (Pb and Cd) content in tobacco cigarette brands in Selangor state, Peninsular Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:637. [PMID: 31529162 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7755-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are ubiquitous metals widely distributed in the environment, resulting in toxic health effects. This project aims to evaluate Pb and Cd as toxic elements in 15 different tobacco cigarette brands produced and/or sold in Selangor state, Peninsular Malaysia. The concentrations of Pb and Cd in all tobacco brands tested in this study were determined using the air-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). On average, the concentrations of Pb and Cd in different tobacco brand samples ranged from 3.05 and 0.80 μg/g dw, respectively. The results indicate that assessment mean values of Pb inhaled from smoking one packet of 20 cigarettes were in the range of 1.55-3.51 μg. Furthermore, the concentration of Cd inhaled per packet of cigarettes (20 sticks) is estimated to be 0.04-0.36 μg. However, there was a significant difference in the concentrations of Pb and Cd between the different brands of tobacco cigarettes, among cigarette prices (cheap versus expensive) of tobacco brands. In conclusion, cigarette smokers in Selangor, Malaysia, are heavily exposed to Pb and Cd, and such exposure could adversely affect their health in the long term. The impact of toxic heavy metals on smokers in this state would be an area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Janaydeh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ahmad Ismail
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Syaizwan Zahmir Zulkifli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hishamuddin Omar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Jain V, Alcheva A, Huang D, Caruso R, Jain A, Lay M, O'Connor R, Stepanov I. Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of Natural American Spirit Cigarettes. TOB REGUL SCI 2019; 5:381-399. [PMID: 33907702 PMCID: PMC8075288 DOI: 10.18001/trs.5.4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Marketing of the Natural American Spirit (NAS) cigarettes implies reduced risk of toxic exposures. We aimed to provide a comprehensive chemical characterization of these cigarettes. METHODS We analyzed 13 varieties of NAS for a range of tobacco- and combustion-derived constituents. Cigarettes were smoked by 2 standard regimens and analyzed using our routine analytical procedures. We also analyzed tobacco filler and physical cigarette characteristics. RESULTS Under intense smoking conditions, nicotine in smoke of NAS cigarettes averaged 3.3(±0.7) mg/cigarette, compared to 2.4(±0.4) in other brands. The levels of carcinogenic nitrosamines NNN and NNK varied extensively across NAS varieties, their sum ranging from 71 to 443 ng/cigarette. Levels of volatile toxicants were generally similar to, or higher than those found in other commercial US cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS High nicotine content suggests that NAS cigarettes may be more addictive than many other brands. Similarly low TSNA levels were measured in some NAS varieties, independent of whether or not they were labeled as organic. Levels of other toxicants were similar to other brands. Consumer education and additional regulatory measures are needed to address the misperceptions that NAS cigarettes are safer than other commercial cigarette brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Jain
- Vipin Jain, Research Associate, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Aleksandra Alcheva, Graduate Student, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Darlene Huang, Senior Associate, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC. Rosalie Caruso, Senior Research Associate, Tobacco Research Laboratory, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Anshu Jain, Research Scientist, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Mula Lay, Student Intern, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Richard O'Connor, Professor, Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Irina Stepanov, Associate Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Aleksandra Alcheva
- Vipin Jain, Research Associate, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Aleksandra Alcheva, Graduate Student, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Darlene Huang, Senior Associate, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC. Rosalie Caruso, Senior Research Associate, Tobacco Research Laboratory, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Anshu Jain, Research Scientist, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Mula Lay, Student Intern, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Richard O'Connor, Professor, Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Irina Stepanov, Associate Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Darlene Huang
- Vipin Jain, Research Associate, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Aleksandra Alcheva, Graduate Student, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Darlene Huang, Senior Associate, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC. Rosalie Caruso, Senior Research Associate, Tobacco Research Laboratory, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Anshu Jain, Research Scientist, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Mula Lay, Student Intern, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Richard O'Connor, Professor, Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Irina Stepanov, Associate Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rosalie Caruso
- Vipin Jain, Research Associate, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Aleksandra Alcheva, Graduate Student, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Darlene Huang, Senior Associate, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC. Rosalie Caruso, Senior Research Associate, Tobacco Research Laboratory, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Anshu Jain, Research Scientist, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Mula Lay, Student Intern, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Richard O'Connor, Professor, Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Irina Stepanov, Associate Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Anshu Jain
- Vipin Jain, Research Associate, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Aleksandra Alcheva, Graduate Student, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Darlene Huang, Senior Associate, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC. Rosalie Caruso, Senior Research Associate, Tobacco Research Laboratory, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Anshu Jain, Research Scientist, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Mula Lay, Student Intern, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Richard O'Connor, Professor, Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Irina Stepanov, Associate Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mula Lay
- Vipin Jain, Research Associate, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Aleksandra Alcheva, Graduate Student, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Darlene Huang, Senior Associate, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC. Rosalie Caruso, Senior Research Associate, Tobacco Research Laboratory, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Anshu Jain, Research Scientist, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Mula Lay, Student Intern, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Richard O'Connor, Professor, Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Irina Stepanov, Associate Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Richard O'Connor
- Vipin Jain, Research Associate, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Aleksandra Alcheva, Graduate Student, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Darlene Huang, Senior Associate, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC. Rosalie Caruso, Senior Research Associate, Tobacco Research Laboratory, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Anshu Jain, Research Scientist, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Mula Lay, Student Intern, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Richard O'Connor, Professor, Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Irina Stepanov, Associate Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Vipin Jain, Research Associate, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Aleksandra Alcheva, Graduate Student, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Darlene Huang, Senior Associate, O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC. Rosalie Caruso, Senior Research Associate, Tobacco Research Laboratory, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Anshu Jain, Research Scientist, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Mula Lay, Student Intern, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Richard O'Connor, Professor, Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY. Irina Stepanov, Associate Professor, Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Mercury Exposure in Mother-Children Pairs in A Seafood Eating Population: Body Burden and Related Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122238. [PMID: 31242636 PMCID: PMC6617287 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background: Mercury is a neurotoxin that affects neurodevelopment in children; however, its association at the lowest concentration is not clear. The main objective of this study is to measure and evaluate mercury concentrations in mother–child pairs and its association demographics, lifestyle, and dietary factors within the Pacific Island Families living in Auckland, New Zealand. Methods: Mercury exposure was assessed in a sub-sample of mother–child pairs who were a part of the Pacific Island Families birth cohort, in Auckland, New Zealand at the 6-year phase. Hair samples were collected from both mothers and their children to determine mercury concentrations. Total mercury was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for hair samples. An interviewer-based reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) examined the frequency of seafood by all the participants. Other variables such as sociodemographic (ethnicity and gender), lifestyle factors (income, education, and smoking status) and health outcomes (child behaviour and obesity) were also collected. Results: In this study, 41% of both mothers and their children had mercury concentrations above the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommended value of 1 µg/g. Most of the participants ate fish 3 or more times a week. A significant correlation was observed between mother and child hair mercury concentrations (Spearman Rho 0.79 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65, 0.88)). Conclusions: Mercury levels in children can be affected by their mothers’ levels due to similar eating patterns.
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Zhao Y, Lamine Guindo M, Xu X, Sun M, Peng J, Liu F, He Y. Deep Learning Associated with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for the Prediction of Lead in Soil. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 73:565-573. [PMID: 30624080 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819826283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a method based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was developed to detect soil contaminated with Pb. Different levels of Pb were added to soil samples in which tobacco was planted over a period of two to four weeks. Principal component analysis and deep learning with a deep belief network (DBN) were implemented to classify the LIBS data. The robustness of the method was verified through a comparison with the results of a support vector machine and partial least squares discriminant analysis. A confusion matrix of the different algorithms shows that the DBN achieved satisfactory classification performance on all samples of contaminated soil. In terms of classification, the proposed method performed better on samples contaminated for four weeks than on those contaminated for two weeks. The results show that LIBS can be used with deep learning for the detection of heavy metals in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- 1 School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
- 2 College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mahamed Lamine Guindo
- 1 School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Xu
- 3 School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Sun
- 1 School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyu Peng
- 2 College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- 2 College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong He
- 2 College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Desideri D, Roselli C, Fagiolino I, Meli MA. Toxic Elements in Human Saliva of Smokeless Tobacco Users. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 42:417-424. [PMID: 29509887 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and mobility of different elements in oral smokeless tobacco products (STPs) were determined because the effects on human health must take into account their availability. In this research, the elemental analysis of 15 oral STPs of different brands purchased in local specialty stores in Europe, and the determination of % extraction of the different elements into an artificial salivary juice during the sucking or chewing operations were performed. In all samples analyzed, cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr) (total) levels were <0.326 mg/kg. As far as non-essential or toxic elements, U was always <1.0 mg/kg, Th and Ti <0.1 mg/kg, Cd was <0.5. Pb was detectable in 60% of the samples, As in 33.3% and Ce in 20% of the samples; La was <1 mg/kg in 13 samples; Sb was <5 mg/kg in all sample with exception of sample 13; Al, Ni, Sr, Rb, Ba, Sn, Te, Ti and Hg were detectable in all samples. Using artificial saliva, the data of extractable levels show that the toxic elements, although poorly extracted, are not totally retained within the STPs, with a consequent potential health hazard associated with oral use of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Desideri
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Urbino University "Carlo Bo", P.zza Rinascimento 6, Urbino, Italy
| | - Carla Roselli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Urbino University "Carlo Bo", P.zza Rinascimento 6, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Maria Assunta Meli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Urbino University "Carlo Bo", P.zza Rinascimento 6, Urbino, Italy
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9
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Richter P, Faroon O, Pappas RS. Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1154. [PMID: 28961214 PMCID: PMC5664655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Metals are one of five major categories of carcinogenic or toxic constituents in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Cadmium is highly volatile and a higher percentage of the total tobacco cadmium content is efficiently transferred to mainstream tobacco smoke than many other toxic metals in tobacco. Inhaled cadmium bioaccumulates in the lungs and is distributed beyond the lungs to other tissues, with a total body biological half-life of one to two decades. Chronic cadmium exposure through tobacco use elevates blood and urine cadmium concentrations. Cadmium is a carcinogen, and an inducer of proinflammatory immune responses. Elevated exposure to cadmium is associated with reduced pulmonary function, obstructive lung disease, bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, and various oral pathologies. Cadmium and zinc have a toxicologically inverse relationship. Zinc is an essential element and is reportedly antagonistic to some manifestations of cadmium toxicity. This review summarizes associations between blood, urine, and tissue cadmium concentrations with emphasis on cadmium exposure due to tobacco use and several disease states. Available data about zinc and cadmium/zinc ratios and tobacco-related diseases is summarized from studies reporting smoking status. Collectively, data suggest that blood, urine, and tissue cadmium and cadmium/zinc ratios are often significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers and they are also different in smokers for several diseases and cancers. Additional biomonitoring data such as blood or serum and urine zinc and cadmium levels and cadmium/zinc ratios in smokers may provide further insight into the development and progression of diseases of the lung, cardiovascular system, and possibly other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Richter
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Obaid Faroon
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - R Steven Pappas
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MS F44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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10
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Schick SF, Blount BC, Jacob P, Saliba NA, Bernert JT, El Hellani A, Jatlow P, Pappas RS, Wang L, Foulds J, Ghosh A, Hecht SS, Gomez JC, Martin JR, Mesaros C, Srivastava S, St Helen G, Tarran R, Lorkiewicz PK, Blair IA, Kimmel HL, Doerschuk CM, Benowitz NL, Bhatnagar A. Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L425-L452. [PMID: 28522563 PMCID: PMC5626373 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00343.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and reliable measurements of exposure to tobacco products are essential for identifying and confirming patterns of tobacco product use and for assessing their potential biological effects in both human populations and experimental systems. Due to the introduction of new tobacco-derived products and the development of novel ways to modify and use conventional tobacco products, precise and specific assessments of exposure to tobacco are now more important than ever. Biomarkers that were developed and validated to measure exposure to cigarettes are being evaluated to assess their use for measuring exposure to these new products. Here, we review current methods for measuring exposure to new and emerging tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes, little cigars, water pipes, and cigarillos. Rigorously validated biomarkers specific to these new products have not yet been identified. Here, we discuss the strengths and limitations of current approaches, including whether they provide reliable exposure estimates for new and emerging products. We provide specific guidance for choosing practical and economical biomarkers for different study designs and experimental conditions. Our goal is to help both new and experienced investigators measure exposure to tobacco products accurately and avoid common experimental errors. With the identification of the capacity gaps in biomarker research on new and emerging tobacco products, we hope to provide researchers, policymakers, and funding agencies with a clear action plan for conducting and promoting research on the patterns of use and health effects of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzaynn F Schick
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California;
| | | | - Peyton Jacob
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Najat A Saliba
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John T Bernert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ahmad El Hellani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Peter Jatlow
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - R Steven Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lanqing Wang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Arunava Ghosh
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John C Gomez
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jessica R Martin
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Tarran
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Pawel K Lorkiewicz
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Ian A Blair
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Heather L Kimmel
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Marsico Lung Institute, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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Pappas RS, Martone N, Gonzalez-Jimenez N, Fresquez MR, Watson CH. Determination of Toxic Metals in Little Cigar Tobacco with 'Triple Quad' ICP-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:347-52. [PMID: 25724197 PMCID: PMC4550080 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the USA. Much of the focus on harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products has been on cigarettes. Little cigars gained popularity over the last decade until tobacco taxes made cigarettes more expensive in the USA. Many little cigar brands are similar in size with cigarettes and may be smoked in a similar manner. Scant data are available on HPHC concentrations in little cigars, therefore we developed and applied a new analytical method to determine concentrations of 10 toxic metals in little cigar tobacco. The method utilizes 'triple quadrupole' ICP-MS. By optimizing octapole bias, energy discrimination and cell gas flow settings, we were able to accurately quantify a range of elements including those for which the cell gas reactions were endothermic. All standard modes (Single Quad No Gas, MS-MS NH3/He and MS-MS O2) were utilized for the quantitation of 10 toxic metals in little cigar tobacco, including uranium, which was added as an analyte in the new method. Because of the elimination of interfering ions at 'shifted analyte masses', detection limits were lower compared with a previous method. Tobacco selenium concentrations were below the limit of detection in the previous method, but the new technology made it possible to report all selenium concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Steven Pappas
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Naudia Martone
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez-Jimenez
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | | | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS F-44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Arain SS, Kazi TG, Arain JB, Afridi HI, Kazi AG, Nasreen S, Brahman KD. Determination of nickel in blood and serum samples of oropharyngeal cancer patients consumed smokeless tobacco products by cloud point extraction coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12017-12027. [PMID: 24920259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal cancer is a significant public health issue in the world. The incidence of oropharyngeal cancer has been increased among people who have habit of chewing smokeless tobacco (SLT) in Pakistan. The aim of present study was to evaluate the concentration of nickel (Ni) in biological samples (whole blood, serum) of oral (n = 95) and pharyngeal (n = 84) male cancer patients. For comparison purposes, the biological samples of healthy age-matched referents (n = 150), who consumed and did not consumed SLT products, were also analyzed for Ni levels. As the Ni level is very low in biological samples, a preconcentration procedure has been developed, prior to analysis of analyte by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The Ni in acid-digested biological samples was complexed with ammonium pyrrolidinedithio carbamate (APDC), and a resulted complex was extracted in a surfactant Triton X-114. Acidic ethanol was added to the surfactant-rich phase prior to its analysis by FAAS. The chemical variables, such as pH, amounts of reagents (APDC, Triton X-114), temperature, incubation time, and sample volume were optimized. The resulted data indicated that concentration of Ni was higher in blood and serum samples of cancer patients as compared to that of referents who have or have not consumed different SLT products (p = 0.012-0.001). It was also observed that healthy referents who consumed SLT products have two to threefold higher levels of Ni in both biological samples as compared to those who were not chewing SLT products (p < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Sadia Arain
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan,
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Fresquez MR, Pappas RS, Watson CH. Establishment of toxic metal reference range in tobacco from US cigarettes. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:298-304. [PMID: 23548667 PMCID: PMC4547355 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. There are numerous harmful substances in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Among the more than 4,000 identified compounds in smoke, many metals contribute to the health risks associated with tobacco use. Specific metals found in tobacco and tobacco smoke have been classified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Exposure to toxic metals can cause outcomes including inflammation, sensitization and carcinogenesis. Metals in tobacco are transported in tobacco smoke proportionally with their concentrations in tobacco filler for a given cigarette design. To quantitatively examine the metal content in numerous tobacco products, high throughput methods are desired. This study developed a simple, rapid tobacco digestion method coupled with a sensitive analytical method using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Because of known memory effects and volatility of mercury, quantitative determinations of mercury were made with a direct combustion analyzer. The methods were utilized to examine arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury and nickel contents in cigarette tobacco and to establish a reference range for the metals in 50 varieties of cigarettes available in the US. These results are comparable to the limited data sets reported by others and with available standard reference material values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Steven Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Tobacco and Volatiles Branch Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
| | - Clifford H. Watson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Tobacco and Volatiles Branch Atlanta, GA, U.S.A
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14
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Da Silva FR, Da Silva J, Allgayer MDC, Simon CF, Dias JF, dos Santos CEI, Salvador M, Branco C, Schneider NB, Kahl V, Rohr P, Kvitko K. Genotoxic biomonitoring of tobacco farmers: Biomarkers of exposure, of early biological effects and of susceptibility. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 225-226:81-90. [PMID: 22614024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco farming presents several hazards to those who cultivate and harvest the plant. The genotoxic and mutagenic effects in tobacco farmers were investigated. In order to verify the relationship between genetic susceptibility and biomarkers GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1, CYP2A6, PON, OGG1, RAD51, XRCC1, and XRCC4 genes polymorphism were evaluated. Oxidative stress markers and trace elements content were determined. Peripheral blood cells samples were collected from 111 agricultural workers during pesticides application and leaf harvest, and 56 non-exposed subjects. Results show that farmers are exposed to mixture of substances with genotoxic and cytotoxic potential. Only GSTM1 null and CYP2A6*9 showed significant associations with cytokinesis-blocked micronuclei assay results. In pesticide application an increase in trace elements content was observed. The results indicated that exposure to pesticides and nicotine can influence antioxidant enzymes activity. Our study drives the attention once more to the need for occupational training on safe work environment for farm workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rabaioli Da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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15
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Ahamad T, Alshehri SM. TG-FTIR-MS (Evolved Gas Analysis) of bidi tobacco powder during combustion and pyrolysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 199-200:200-8. [PMID: 22119196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Bidi smoke, a complex mixture of toxic and carcinogens chemicals causes a large and growing number of premature deaths in South Asian countries especially in India and Bangladesh. The evolved products during the thermal degradation of bidi tobacco powder (BTP) have been measured by using TG-FTIR-MS technique. The results revealed that the main gases and volatile products released during the combustion and pyrolysis of BTP are CO, CO(2), NH(3), HCN, NO, isoprene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, etc. Still others such as nicotine, phenol, polyaromatic hydrocarbon and some tobacco specific nitrosamines are contained in submicron sized solid particles that are suspended in Bidi smoke. The intensity or the quantity of evolved products is higher during the combustion than pyrolysis of BTP. The evolved chemical data suggest that Bidi smoke is responsible for cancer of the throat, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, lungs, esophagus, stomach, and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tansir Ahamad
- Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Abstract
Biochemically and pathologically, there is strong evidence for both atopic and nonatopic airway sensitization, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation as a consequence of exposure to tobacco mainstream or sidestream smoke particulate. There is growing evidence for the relation between exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke and diseases resulting from reactive oxidant challenge and inflammation directly as a consequence of the combined activity of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, as a humoral immunological consequence of sensitization, and that the metal components of the particulate play a role in adjuvant effects. As an end consequence, carcinogenicity is a known outcome of chronic inflammation. Smokeless tobacco has been evaluated by the IARC as a group 1 carcinogen. Of the many harmful constituents in smokeless tobacco, oral tissue metallothionein gradients suggest that metals contribute to the toxicity from smokeless tobacco use and possibly sensitization. This work reviews and examines work on probable contributions of toxic metals from tobacco and smoke to pathology observed as a consequence of smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Steve Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE MS F-44 Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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17
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Pérez-Bernal J, Amigo J, Fernández-Torres R, Bello M, Callejón-Mochón M. Trace-metal distribution of cigarette ashes as marker of tobacco brands. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 204:119-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Kazi TG, Jalbani N, Kazi N, Jamali MK, Arain MB, Afridi HI, Kandhro A, Pirzado Z. Evaluation of Toxic Metals in Blood and Urine Samples of Chronic Renal Failure Patients, before and after Dialysis. Ren Fail 2009; 30:737-45. [DOI: 10.1080/08860220802212999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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19
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Kazi TG, Jalbani N, Kazi N, Arain MB, Jamali MK, Afridi HI, Kandhro GA, Sarfraz RA, Shah AQ, Ansari R. Estimation of toxic metals in scalp hair samples of chronic kidney patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 2009; 127:16-27. [PMID: 18810333 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-008-8222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The determination of toxic metals (TMs) in the biological samples of human beings is an important clinical screening procedure. The aim of this work is to determine total content of TMs, aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in scalp hair samples of chronic kidney male patients (CKPs) on maintenance hemodialysis, during the period of 2005-2007. The study included 115 CKPs (all smokers) and 150 controls or referents [82 (nonsmokers) and 68 (smokers)]. Both controls and patients (males) were of the same age group (ranged 25-55 years), socioeconomic status, localities, and dietary habits. The scalp hair samples were analyzed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, prior to microwave-induced acid digestion. The accuracy of the total Al, Cd, Ni, and Pb measurements was tested by simultaneously analyzing certified reference material (human hair NCS ZC81002). No significant differences were observed between the analytical results and the certified values (paired t test at p > 0.05). The levels of TMs in scalp hair samples of patients were found to be higher as compared to control nonsmoker and smokers. Moreover, the study shows that levels of Al, Cd, Ni, and Pb in scalp hair samples may be useful to evaluate the impact of cigarette smoking in kidney failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
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20
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Pappas RS, Polzin GM, Watson CH, Ashley DL. Cadmium, lead, and thallium in smoke particulate from counterfeit cigarettes compared to authentic US brands. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:202-9. [PMID: 17011104 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable disease in the United States. Exposure to tobacco smoke leads to cancer, heart and lung disease, and addiction. The origin of the tobacco and cigarette manufacturing practices of counterfeit cigarettes are unknown. Because toxic metals are incorporated into the tobacco lamina during cultivation, the ambient metal content of the soil could produce significant differences in metal levels in both the tobacco and smoke of counterfeit cigarettes. We compared mainstream smoke cadmium, thallium, and lead deliveries from counterfeit and authentic brands. Mainstream smoke levels of all three metals were far greater for counterfeit than the authentic brands, in some cases by an order of magnitude. Significant differences still existed even after normalizing mainstream smoke metal levels with nicotine delivery; the counterfeits typically delivered much higher levels of all three analytes. Our findings, based on 21 different counterfeit samples, suggest that counterfeit cigarettes potentially result in a markedly greater exposure to toxic heavy metals than authentic brands, even after correcting for differences in nicotine intake. In view of the unknown health risks associated with inhaling higher levels of toxic metals, it is prudent to minimize exposure to toxic substances whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Pappas
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy. NE, MS F-44, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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21
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Pappas RS, Polzin GM, Zhang L, Watson CH, Paschal DC, Ashley DL. Cadmium, lead, and thallium in mainstream tobacco smoke particulate. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:714-23. [PMID: 16309811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The deliveries of cadmium, thallium, and lead in mainstream smoke particulate from cigarettes with different smoke delivery designs were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in order to investigate their impact on the delivery of these known toxic compounds. Analyses showed that the levels of all three metals in smoke particulate were associated with their tar delivery category. After normalizing the metal concentrations to tar, there were no longer any statistically significant delivery differences between full-flavor, light or ultra-light cigarettes. When the concentrations were normalized to nicotine, the mean levels from the three delivery groups were much smaller than before normalization. But unlike the case using tar to normalize, in some of the cases, there were still some statistically significant differences in the nicotine-normalized results. These findings suggest that if smokers compensate for differences in nicotine intake, they receive exposures to toxic heavy metals from ultra-light, light and full-flavor cigarettes that are more similar than results would suggest from using the Federal Trade Commission method alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Pappas
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, 4770 Buford Hwy. NE, M.S. F-47, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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22
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Lombardi AT, Garcia O, Menezes WAN. The Effects of Bacterial Leaching on Metal Partitioning in Sewage Sludge. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-2889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Kazi TG, Jamali MK, Kazi GH, Arain MB, Afridi HI, Siddiqui A. Evaluating the mobility of toxic metals in untreated industrial wastewater sludge using a BCR sequential extraction procedure and a leaching test. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:297-304. [PMID: 16132140 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and speciation of toxic metals in industrial wastewater sludge (IWS) was investigated. In this work, the modified BCR three-stage sequential extraction procedure was applied to the fractionation of Cr Pb Ni, and Cd in untreated industrial wastewater sludge from industrial sites in Hyderabad (Pakistan). The extracts were analyzed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedure was evaluated using a certified reference material for soil mixed with sewage sludge BCR 483. The results from the partitioning study indicate that more easily mobilized forms (acid exchangeable) of Cd were dominant. The oxidizable fraction was dominant for all four toxic metals. Metal recovery was good, with <4% difference between the total metal recovered through the extractant steps and the total metal determined after microwave digestion. Lixiviation tests (DIN 38414-S4) were used to evaluate the leaching of toxic species from IWS, and it was observed that levels of leachable toxic metals were low compared to the amount of metal extracted in the exchangeable fraction of the BCR protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Kazi
- Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, 76080, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
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Lombardi AT, Garcia O. Biological leaching of Mn, Al, Zn, Cu and Ti in an anaerobic sewage sludge effectuated by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and its effect on metal partitioning. WATER RESEARCH 2002; 36:3193-3202. [PMID: 12188115 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The chemical fractionation and bioleaching of Mn, Al, Zn, Cu and Ti in municipal sewage sludge were investigated using Thiobacillus ferrooxidans as leaching microorganism. As a result of the bacterial activity, ORP increase and pH reduction were observed. Metal solubilization was accomplished only in experimental systems supplemented with energy source (Fe(II)). The solubilization efficiency approached approximately 80% for Mn and Zn, 24% for Cu, 10% for Al and 0.2% for Ti. The chemical fractionation of Mn, Al, Zn, Cu and Ti was investigated using a five-step sequential extraction procedure employing KNO3, KF, Na4P2O7, EDTA and HNO3. The results show that the bioleaching process affected the partitioning of Mn and Zn, increasing its percentage of elution in the KNO3 fraction while reducing it in the KF, Na4P2O7 and EDTA fractions. No significant effect was detected on the partitioning of Cu and Al. However, quantitatively the metals Mn, Zn, Cu and Al were extracted with higher efficiency after the bacterial activity. Titanium was unaffected by the bioleaching process in both qualitative and quantitative aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T Lombardi
- Department of Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, UNESP, Araraquara-SP CEP, Brazil.
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25
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Lombardi AT, Garcia Júnior O, Mozeto AA. Bioleaching of metals from anaerobic sewage sludge: effects of total solids, leaching microorganisms, and energy source. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2001; 36:793-806. [PMID: 11460332 DOI: 10.1081/ese-100103761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effects of municipal sewage sludge solids concentration, leaching microorganisms (Thiobacillus thiooxidans or Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) and the addition of energy source (S0 or Fe(II)) on the bioleaching of metals from sewage sludge has been investigated under laboratory conditions using shake flasks. The results show that metal solubilization was better accomplished if additional energy source is supplemented to the microorganisms and that T. thiooxidans furnishes, in general, more adequate conditions for the bioleaching than T. ferrooxidans. At a total solids concentration of 70 g L-1 (originally present in the sludge) pH drop and ORP increase are attenuated, so metal solubilization is negatively affected. It was also demonstrated that if lead (Pb) solubilization is to be achieved, than a special combination of microorganism/energy source must be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Lombardi
- Dept. Bioquimica e Tecnologia Quimica, UNESP, Campus Araraquara, C.P. 355, Araraquara-SP CEP: 14801-970, Brazil.
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Fournier D, Lemieux R, Couillard D. Essential interactions between Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and heterotrophic microorganisms during a wastewater sludge bioleaching process. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1998; 101:303-309. [PMID: 15093092 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(98)00035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/1997] [Accepted: 08/27/1997] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The stimulating effect of heterotrophic microorganisms was investigated on the growth and on the ferrous iron oxidation of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in synthetic media and in wastewater sludge. The addition of a sediment. Rhodotorula rubra isolate or a strain of T. acidophilus on two-layer agarose-gelled medium doubled the plating efficiency of T. ferrooxidans. In liquid cultures, R. rubra had a slight but significant effect on the growth rate of T. ferrooxidans. Moreover, the yeast allowed a faster initiation of the ferrous iron oxidation and acidification by T. ferrooxidans. In the bioleaching process, the co-culture of T. ferrooxidans with R. rubra or with the indigenous microbial assemblage from sludge was shown to be essential since the pure culture of T. ferrooxidans failed to oxidize ferrous iron and to acidify wastewater sludge. These results emphasize the importance of active heterotrophic microorganisms in the metal bioleaching activity of T. ferrooxidans in sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fournier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS-Eau), Université, du Québec, 2800 rue Einstein, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada, G1V 4C7.
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Blais JF, Tyagi RD, Auclair J. Metals removal from sewage sludge by indigenous iron‐oxidizing bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/10934529309375888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Couillard D, Mercier G. Précipitations sélectives des métaux solubilisés biologiquement de boues aérobies d'épuration. CAN J CHEM ENG 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450700526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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