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Grmasha RA, Al-Sareji OJ, Meiczinger M, Al-Juboori RA, Stenger-Kovács C, Lengyel E, Sh Majdi H, AlKhaddar R, Mohammed SJ, Hashim KS. Seasonal variation and concentration of PAHs in Lake Balaton sediment: A study on molecular weight distribution and sources of pollution. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116333. [PMID: 38579446 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The temporal and spatial variations of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined at multiple sites around Lake Balaton from February 2023 to January 2024. The results indicated that the concentrations of PAHs in sediment were high during the winter months, 448.35 to 619.77 ng/g dry weight, and low during the summer months, 257.21 to 465.49 ng/g dry weight. The concentration of high molecular weight PAHs (HMWPAHs), consisting of 5-6 rings, was greater than that of low molecular weight PAHs (LMWPAHs), which had 2-3 rings. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for both dermal and ingestion pathways was high for both adults and children during the four seasons, with the highest records as the following: winter > spring > summer > autumn. The ecological effects of the 16 PAHs were negligible except for acenaphthylene (Acy) and fluorene (Fl), which displayed slightly higher concentrations during the autumn and spring, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayah Ali Grmasha
- University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200 Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary; Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H 8200, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Babylon 51001, Iraq.
| | - Osamah J Al-Sareji
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H 8200, Hungary; Research Centre of Engineering Sciences, Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of Pannonia, PO Box 158, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Babylon 51001, Iraq
| | - Mónika Meiczinger
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem str. 10, Veszprém H 8200, Hungary
| | - Raed A Al-Juboori
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University-Abu Dhabi Campus, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Water and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15200, Aalto, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Csilla Stenger-Kovács
- University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200 Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary; HUN-REN-PE Limnoecology Research Group, Egyetem utca 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Edina Lengyel
- University of Pannonia, Faculty of Engineering, Center for Natural Science, Research Group of Limnology, H-8200 Veszprem, Egyetem u. 10, Hungary
| | - Hasan Sh Majdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University, Al-Hillah, Babylon 51001, Iraq
| | - Rafid AlKhaddar
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | | | - Khalid S Hashim
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, UK; Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Babylon 51001, Iraq; Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq
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Ding Y, Li L, Wania F, Zhang Y, Huang H, Liao T, Liu J, Qi S. Formation of non-extractable residues as a potentially dominant process in the fate of PAHs in soil: Insights from a combined field and modeling study on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115383. [PMID: 32858438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Whereas non-extractable residue (NER) formation is recognized as an important process affecting the ecological risk of organic contaminants in soils, it is commonly neglected in regional-scale multi-media models assessing chemical environmental fate and risk. We used a combined field and modeling study to elucidate the relative importance of NER formation to the reduction in available organic contaminants compared with fate processes commonly considered in risk assessment models (volatilization, leaching, and biodegradation). Specifically, four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), i.e., phenanthrene (Phe), pyrene (Pyr), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP), were spiked and measured in a one-year field pot experiment at four sites with diverse environmental conditions on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The rate of NER formation was derived as the difference between the overall rate of decline in total-extractable PAH concentrations, obtained by fitting a biphasic first-order model to the measured concentrations, and the sum of the calculated rates of volatilization, leaching, and biodegradation. Our work shows that the total-extractable PAH concentration undergoes a rapid decline and a slow decline, with shorter overall half-lives (especially for BaP and BghiP) than those observed in earlier studies. Generally, NER formation was assessed to be the dominant contributor (64 ± 33%) to the overall decline of PAHs, followed by biodegradation (35 ± 32%); volatilization and leaching were the smallest contributors. In particular, heavier PAHs (i.e. BaP and BghiP) tend to have shorter half-lives in the rapid and the overall decline phase, indicating that the erroneous estimation of environmental fate and risks might be more pronounced for organic contaminants with a large molecular size. The trend of overall decline rates of PAHs displayed a combined effect of NER formation and biodegradation. This work indicates the need to consider NER formation as a process in multi-media models of chemical fate and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada; School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ting Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jinhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Marquès M, Mari M, Audí-Miró C, Sierra J, Soler A, Nadal M, Domingo JL. Climate change impact on the PAH photodegradation in soils: Characterization and metabolites identification. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 89-90:155-165. [PMID: 26859521 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are airborne pollutants that are deposited on soils. As climate change is already altering temperature and solar radiation, the global warming is suggested to impact the environmental fate of PAHs. This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of climate change on the PAH photodegradation in soils. Samples of Mediterranean soils were subjected to different temperature and light radiation conditions in a climate chamber. Two climate scenarios were considered according to IPCC projections: 1) a base (B) scenario, being temperature and light intensity 20°C and 9.6W/m(2), respectively, and 2) a climate change (CC) scenario, working at 24°C and 24W/m(2), respectively. As expected, low molecular weight PAHs were rapidly volatilized when increasing both temperature and light intensity. In contrast, medium and high molecular weight PAHs presented different photodegradation rates in soils with different texture, which was likely related to the amount of photocatalysts contained in both soils. In turn, the hydrogen isotopic composition of some of the PAHs under study was also investigated to verify any degradation process. Hydrogen isotopes confirmed that benzo(a)pyrene is degraded in both B and CC scenarios, not only under light but also in the darkness, revealing unknown degradation processes occurring when light is lacking. Potential generation pathways of PAH photodegradation by-products were also suggested, being a higher number of metabolites formed in the CC scenario. Consequently, in a more or less near future, although humans might be less exposed to PAHs, they could be exposed to new metabolites of these pollutants, which might be even more toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Mari
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carme Audí-Miró
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain; Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Soler
- Grup de Mineralogia Aplicada i Geoquímica de Fluids, Departament de Cristal·lografia, Mineralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Martí i Franquès s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Nadal
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç, 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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Morais D, Pylro V, Clark IM, Hirsch PR, Tótola MR. Responses of microbial community from tropical pristine coastal soil to crude oil contamination. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1733. [PMID: 26925341 PMCID: PMC4768689 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazilian offshore crude oil exploration has increased after the discovery of new reservoirs in the region known as pré-sal, in a depth of 7.000 m under the water surface. Oceanic islands near these areas represent sensitive environments, where changes in microbial communities due oil contamination could stand for the loss of metabolic functions, with catastrophic effects to the soil services provided from these locations. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of petroleum contamination on microbial community shifts (Archaea, Bacteria and Fungi) from Trindade Island coastal soils. Microcosms were assembled and divided in two treatments, control and contaminated (weathered crude oil at the concentration of 30 g kg(-1)), in triplicate. Soils were incubated for 38 days, with CO2 measurements every four hours. After incubation, the total DNA was extracted, purified and submitted for target sequencing of 16S rDNA, for Bacteria and Archaea domains and Fungal ITS1 region, using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Three days after contamination, the CO2 emission rate peaked at more than 20 × the control and the emissions remained higher during the whole incubation period. Microbial alpha-diversity was reduced for contaminated-samples. Fungal relative abundance of contaminated samples was reduced to almost 40% of the total observed species. Taxonomy comparisons showed rise of the Actinobacteria phylum, shifts in several Proteobacteria classes and reduction of the Archaea class Nitrososphaerales. This is the first effort in acquiring knowledge concerning the effect of crude oil contamination in soils of a Brazilian oceanic island. This information is important to guide any future bioremediation strategy that can be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morais
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil; AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Pylro
- Genomics and Computational Biology Group, René Rachou Research Center (CPqRR-FIOCRUZ) , Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Ian M Clark
- AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research , Harpenden, Hertfordshire , United Kingdom
| | - Penny R Hirsch
- AgroEcology Department, Rothamsted Research , Harpenden, Hertfordshire , United Kingdom
| | - Marcos R Tótola
- Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa , Viçosa, Minas Gerais , Brazil
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5
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Peng J, Zhang Y, Su J, Qiu Q, Jia Z, Zhu YG. Bacterial communities predominant in the degradation of 13C(4)-4,5,9,10-pyrene during composting. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 143:608-614. [PMID: 23845709 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An in-vessel composting bioremediation of (13)C4-4,5,9,10-pyrene and unlabeled pyrene spiked soil amended with fresh wastes was investigated by DNA-based stable isotope probing (SIP) of active bacteria involved. Highest dissipation of (13)C4-pyrene was detected at 55 °C after 42 days composting. The active bacterial communities in the composting changed over time, showing a distinct difference among different stages. α-, β-, γ-Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were detected mainly involving in pyrene degradation at 38 °C over 14 days composting. Streptomyces appeared to dominate the pyrene degradation at 55 °C. β- and γ-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant pyrene degraders at 70 °C after 42 days composting and at 38 °C after 60 days composting. The results of this study suggest the pyrene degradation was performed by phylogenetically distinct bacterial guilds from the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria during in-vessel composition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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6
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Karaca G, Tasdemir Y. Effects of Temperature and Photocatalysts on Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Automotive Industry Sludge. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2013.782880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mahmoudi N, Fulthorpe RR, Burns L, Mancini S, Slater GF. Assessing microbial carbon sources and potential PAH degradation using natural abundance 14C analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 175:125-130. [PMID: 23376543 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural abundance (14)C analysis was applied to PLFAs collected from an industrial site in southern Ontario in order to assess microbial carbon sources and potential PAH biodegradation in soils. Δ(14)C of microbial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) at the site ranged from +54‰ to -697‰. Comparison of these values to surrounding carbon sources found that microbial carbon sources were derived primarily from vegetation and/or natural organic matter present in the soils rather than PAHs. This study highlights that microbes are able to utilize almost all available pools of organic matter including older pools which are thought to contain recalcitrant compounds. Furthermore, it shows that even with the presence of an active microbial community, there may be little biodegradation of PAHs. This study illustrates challenges in assessing microbial activity in the environment and the advantage of using natural abundance (14)C analysis as a tool to elucidate microbial carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagissa Mahmoudi
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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8
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Karaca G, Tasdemir Y. Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from industrial sludges in the ambient air conditions: automotive industry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2013; 48:855-861. [PMID: 23485234 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.761481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) existed in automotive industry treatment sludge was examined by considering the effects of temperature, UV, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and diethyl amine (DEA) in different dosages (i.e., 5% and 20%) in this study. Application of TiO2 and DEA to the sludge samples in ambient environment was studied. Ten PAH (Σ10 PAH) compounds were targeted and their average value in the sludge was found to be 4480 ± 1450 ng/g dry matter (DM). Total PAH content of the sludge was reduced by 25% in the ambient air environment. Meteorological conditions, atmospheric deposition, evaporation and sunlight irradiation played an effective role in the variations in PAH levels during the tests carried out in ambient air environment. Moreover, it was observed that when the ring numbers of PAHs increased, their removal rates also increased. Total PAH level did not change with the addition of 5% DEA and only 10% decreased with 5% TiO2 addition. PAH removal ratios were 8% and 32% when DEA (20%) and TiO2 (20%) were added, respectively. It was concluded that DEA was a weak photo-sensitizer yet TiO2 was effective only at 20% dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Karaca
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Uludag University, Nilüfer/Bursa, Turkey
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Von Lau E, Gan S, Ng HK. Extraction of phenanthrene and fluoranthene from contaminated sand using palm kernel and soybean oils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 107:124-130. [PMID: 22595079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Experimental extraction tests are conducted to investigate feasibility of saturated palm kernel oil (PKO) and unsaturated soybean oil (SO) to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated sand. The extraction rates and efficiencies for lowly contaminated (LC) and highly contaminated (HC) sands at temperatures of 30 °C and 70 °C are evaluated using empirical first order kinetic dissolution models. In LC sand, the extraction is dominated by the diffusion of PAHs adsorbed onto particle surfaces and the direct dissolution of PAH phase. In HC sand, a rapid diffusion of PAHs adsorbed onto particle surfaces and a direct dissolution of PAH phase occur followed by a slower diffusion of PAHs entrapped within the pores and micropores. Larger diffusion resistance during HC sand extractions results in an average 10.8% reduction in extraction efficiencies compared to LC sand. Increased temperature generally increases the mass transfer rates and extraction efficiencies. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of both oils and PAHs also determine the extent of PAH extraction into oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Von Lau
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Maliszewska-Kordybach B, Smreczak B. Changes of Soil Microbial Properties in the Course of Pah Dissipation in Soils Artificially Contaminated with These Compounds. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630308063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bożena Smreczak
- a Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation , Pulawy , Poland
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11
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Bourotte C, Forti MC, Lucas Y, Melfi AJ. Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) concentrations in urban and natural forest soils in the Atlantic Forest (São Paulo State). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652009000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies about pollution by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tropical soils and Brazil are scarce. A study was performed to examine the PAHs composition, concentrations and sources in red-yellow Oxisols of remnant Atlantic Forest of the São Paulo State. Sampling areas were located in an urban site (PEFI) and in a natural one (CUNHA).The granulometric composition, pH, organic matter content and mineralogical composition were determined in samples of superficial soils. The sum of PAHs (ΣHPAs) was 4.5 times higher in the urban area than in the natural one. Acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene and fluoranthene have been detected in the soils of both areas and presented similar concentrations. Acenaphthene and fluorene were the most abundant compounds. Pyrene was twice more abundant in the soils of natural area (15 µg.kg-1) than of the urban area and fluoranthene was the dominant compound (203 µg.kg-1) in urban area (6.8 times higher than in the natural area). Some compounds of higher molecular weight, which are tracers of vehicular emissions showed significant concentrations in urban soils. Pyrene represented 79% of ΣPAHs whereas it has not been detected in natural soils. The results showed that forest soils in urban area are characterized by the accumulation of high molecular weight compounds of industrial and vehicular origin.
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12
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Beum Kim G, Anderson JW, Bothner K, Hyeon Lee J, Hwan Koh C, Tanabe S. Application of P450RGS reporter gene system as a bioindicator of sediment PAH contamination in the vicinity of Incheon Harbor, Korea. Biomarkers 2008; 2:181-8. [DOI: 10.1080/135475097231724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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13
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Zhang LH, Li PJ, Gong ZQ, Oni AA. Photochemical behavior of benzo[a]pyrene on soil surfaces under UV light irradiation. J Environ Sci (China) 2006; 18:1226-32. [PMID: 17294970 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(06)60067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The rates of photodegradation and photocatalysis of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on soil surfaces under UV light have been studied. Different parameters such as temperature, soil particle sizes, and soil depth responsible for photodegradation, catalyst loads and wavelength of UV irradiation blamed for photocatalysis have been monitored. The results obtained indicated that BaP photodegradation follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. BaP photodegradation was the fastest at 30 degrees C . The rates of BaP photodegradation at different soil particle size followed the order: less than 1 mm>less than 0.45 mm>less than 0.25 mm. When the soil depth increased from 1 mm to 4 mm, the half-life increased from 13.23 d to 17.73 d. The additions of TiO2 or Fe2O3 accelerated the photodegradation of BaP, and the photocatalysis of BaP follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. Changes in catalyst loads of TiO2 (0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% (wt)) or Fe2O3 (2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% (wt)) did not significantly affect the degradation rates. Both BaP photocatalysis in the presence of TiO2 and Fe2O3 were the fastest at 254 nm UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-hong Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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14
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Migaszewski ZM, Gałuszka A, Pasławski P. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, and trace metals in selected soil profiles and plant bioindicators in the Holy Cross Mountains, south-central Poland. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2002; 28:303-313. [PMID: 12220117 DOI: 10.1016/s0160-4120(02)00039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This report presents the results of PAH, phenol, and selected trace element (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, S, and Zn) determinations on detailed soil profiles and associated plant bioindicators (including lichen Hypogymnia physodes, moss Hylocomium splendens, pine Pinus sylvetris) from the three most representative habitats in the Holy Cross Mts, south-central Poland. This study is only part of a larger ongoing environmental study that includes complex sulfur isotope and element determinations in three national parks in N, central and S parts of Poland. The highest concentrations of PAHs (1887 ppb) and numerous trace elements are found in the organic horizon-O and humic horizon-A of each soil type. Different plant species and their individual tissues reveal considerable variability in the concentration of PAHs, phenols and elements examined. Most of the H. physodes thalli also reveal higher concentrations of individual hydrocarbons and some elements (including S and Zn) than their host bark. The highest concentration levels of phenols (1217 ppb) are noted in the 1-year pine needles. Most of the PAHs and elements examined seem to be of anthropogenic origin. The only exception is the distribution pattern of elements in southwestern part of the study area, which is linked to the local bedrock geochemical anomaly. The results of this study indicate that the content of PAHs, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, S and Zn in the soils and plant bioindicators examined has not changed considerably since 1998.
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Jensen J, Sverdrup LE. Joint toxicity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and pyrene on Folsomia fimetaria. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2002; 52:75-81. [PMID: 12051811 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.2002.2149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants may enhance the biodegradation of hydrophobic substances in soils. This has partly been attributed to an increase in the bioavailability, brought about by the presence of surfactants. The aim of this study was to examine the ecotoxicological effects of the detergent linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pyrene, alone and in combination, using the survival and reproduction of the collembolan Folsomia fimetaria as endpoints. The EC(50) and EC(10) were 803 and 161 mg kg(-1) for LAS, and 23 and 15 mg kg(-1) for pyrene. If LAS was able to increase the bioavailability of pyrene to springtails, it was expected that the combined effect of the two substances would exceed the effect found for each of the compounds tested separately. However, the results showed no effect of LAS on the toxicity of pyrene in the concentration range tested (1-750 mg LAS kg(-1) dry weight). Both the toxic unit concept and the isobologram method indicated that an additive approach would be the most useful when assessing the risk of these two compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jensen
- National Environmental Research Institute, Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg, DK-8600, Denmark.
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16
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Brinch UC, Ekelund F, Jacobsen CS. Method for spiking soil samples with organic compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:1808-16. [PMID: 11916700 PMCID: PMC123833 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.4.1808-1816.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2001] [Accepted: 12/21/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the harmful side effects on indigenous soil microorganisms of two organic solvents, acetone and dichloromethane, that are normally used for spiking of soil with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for experimental purposes. The solvents were applied in two contamination protocols to either the whole soil sample or 25% of the soil volume, which was subsequently mixed with 75% untreated soil. For dichloromethane, we included a third protocol, which involved application to 80% of the soil volume with or without phenanthrene and introduction of Pseudomonas fluorescens VKI171 SJ132 genetically tagged with luxAB::Tn5. For both solvents, application to the whole sample resulted in severe side effects on both indigenous protozoa and bacteria. Application of dichloromethane to the whole soil volume immediately reduced the number of protozoa to below the detection limit. In one of the soils, the protozoan population was able to recover to the initial level within 2 weeks, in terms of numbers of protozoa; protozoan diversity, however, remained low. In soil spiked with dichloromethane with or without phenanthrene, the introduced P. fluorescens VKI171 SJ132 was able to grow to a density 1,000-fold higher than in control soil, probably due mainly to release of predation from indigenous protozoa. In order to minimize solvent effects on indigenous soil microorganisms when spiking native soil samples with compounds having a low water solubility, we propose a common protocol in which the contaminant dissolved in acetone is added to 25% of the soil sample, followed by evaporation of the solvent and mixing with the remaining 75% of the soil sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla C Brinch
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen
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17
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Weiss P, Lorbeer G, Scharf S. Regional aspects and statistical characterisation of the load with semivolatile organic compounds at remote Austrian forest sites. CHEMOSPHERE 2000; 40:1159-71. [PMID: 10739058 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Spruce needles and humus layer of 25 remote forest sites spread all over Austria were investigated for their concentrations of PCDD/F, PCB, HCH, HCB, PCP, DDX and PAH. Influences of the sites' location on the detected concentrations have been identified: The north of Austria was characterised by a comparably higher overall pollutant load. In addition, altitudinal aspects were addressed. Between several compounds significant positive correlations have been identified, which were more pronounced for compounds with a stronger causal relationship. Pattern analyses allowed to identify--even for the remote sites--differences between the relative PCDD/F, HCH, DDX and PAH patterns of the sites. Partly, these different patterns were related to significantly higher or lower corresponding absolute concentrations of the sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Weiss
- Federal Environment Agency, Wien, Austria.
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Thomas JC, St-Pierre Y, Beaudet R, Villemur R. Monitoring by laser-flow-cytometry of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading Sphingomonas sp. strain 107 during biotreatment of a contaminated soil. Can J Microbiol 2000; 46:433-40. [PMID: 10872079 DOI: 10.1139/w00-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A flow cytometric method (FCM) was used to detect and accurately enumerate a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial strain, Sphingomonas sp. 107, inoculated into a soil sample artificially contaminated with pyrene. To compare the FCM method with colony forming unit (CFU) assays, a rifampicin-resistant Sphingomonas sp. 107 was obtained which could be distinguished from the indigenous microflora, since there was no organism resistant to rifampicin in the soil that could transform indole to indigo (naphthalene dioxygenase activity). By combining light-scattering profiles (i.e., morphological properties), ethidium bromide influx (i.e., cell wall permeability), and fluorescence in situ hybridization against the 16S rRNA (i.e., detection specificity), we could enumerate the bacterial population of interest from the indigenous microflora and soil debris during the biotreatment. The FCM technique revealed that the number of inoculated Sphingomonas cells decreased gradually for 15 days of incubation before reaching a steady level of 7 to 12 x 10(5) cells.g-1 of soil. Similar values were obtained with the CFU assay. During this period, pyrene concentration decreased from 632 to 26 mg.kg-1 of dry soil. The FCM detection was improved by adding blocking reagent to the hybridization buffer to minimize the non-specific attachment of the fluorescent probe to soil particles. Combined with the improvements in probe technology, FCM detection was shown to be a good alternative to the conventional culture methods for the analysis of bacterial populations in environmental samples. This technique could be potentially useful for the detection of microorganisms that grow poorly in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Thomas
- INRS, Institut Armand-Frappier, Microbiologie et Biotechnologie, Laval, Canada
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19
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Kipopoulou AM, Manoli E, Samara C. Bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vegetables grown in an industrial area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1999; 106:369-80. [PMID: 15093033 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/1998] [Accepted: 04/12/1999] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content was determined in the inner tissue of various vegetable species and their growing environment (soil and atmosphere) in the greater industrial area of Thessaloniki, northern Greece. The lower molecular weight compounds dominated in both vegetable leaves and roots. Statistical analysis of variance showed that species and season are the factors that significantly affect PAH concentrations in inner vegetable tissue and soil, respectively. Principal component analysis indicated that the mixture of PAHs in inner vegetable tissue was very similar to that in air vapour thus suggesting gaseous deposition as the principal pathway for the accumulation of PAHs. Soil-to-vegetation and air-to-vegetation bioconcentration factors were calculated and their relationships with PAHs' physicochemical properties were investigated. Solubility and the octanol-water partition coefficient, as well as vapour pressure and the octanol-air partition coefficient were proved to be good predictors for the accumulation of PAHs in inner root and leaf tissue, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Kipopoulou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 540 06 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Okeke BC, Smith JE, Paterson A, Watson-Craik IA. Influence of environmental parameters on pentachlorophenol biotransformation in soil by Lentinula edodes and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1996; 45:263-6. [PMID: 8920199 DOI: 10.1007/s002530050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The influences of temperature, soil moisture potential and initial pH on the biotransformation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) by the lignicolous fungi Lentinula edodes and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were examined. At 10 degrees C, L. edodes was more effective in degrading PCP (P < 0.05) than P. chrysosporium. At 15 degrees C similar results were obtained for the two fungi. The highest levels of degradation occurred for both fungi at 25 degrees C. With P. chrysosporium, the extent of PCP elimination was directly related to soil moisture content and optimal at approximately 47%. With L. edodes, in contrast, the process was inversely related to moisture content and maximal at 26%. The initial soil pH also had a marked influence, and pH 4.0 was optimal for both fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Okeke
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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21
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Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants, some of which are on the US Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutant list. Consequently, timely clean-up of contaminated sites is important. The lower-mol-wt PAHs are amenable to bioremediation; however, higher-mol-wt PAHs seem to be recalcitrant to microbial degradation. The rates of biodegradation of PAHs are highly variable and are dependent not only on PAH structure, but also on the physicochemical parameters of the site as well as the number and types of microorganisms present. PAHs sorb to organic matter in soils and sediments, and the rate of their desorption strongly influences the rate at which microorganisms can degrade the pollutants. Much of the current PAH research focuses on techniques to enhance the bioavailability and, therefore, the degradation rates of PAHs at polluted sites. Degradation products of PAHs are, however, not necessarily less toxic than the parent compounds. Therefore, toxicity assays need to be incorporated into the procedures used to monitor the effectiveness of PAH bioremediation. In addition, this article highlights areas of PAH research that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Shuttleworth
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Microbiology, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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Murphy T, Moller A, Brouwer H. In situ treatment of Hamilton Harbour sediment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00116654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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