Diving physiology of Chrysemys dorbignyi Dum & Bibr., 1835 (Reptilia: Chelonia)

Seasonal changes in the diel surfacing behaviour of the bimodally respiring turtleRheodytes leukops

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a relationship existed between the diel surfacing trends of the bimodally respiring freshwater turtle Rheodytes leukops and daily fluctuations in specific biotic and abiotic factors. The diel surfacing behaviour of adult R. leukops was recorded over four consecutive seasons (Austral autumn 2000 – summer 2001) within Marlborough Creek, central Queensland, Australia, using pressure-sensitive time–depth recorders. Additionally, diurnal variations in water temperature and aquatic PO2level, as well as the turtle's behavioural state (i.e., active versus resting), were monitored. In autumn and summer, surfacing frequency increased significantly during the daylight hours, with peak levels normally occurring around dawn (0500–0700) and dusk (1700–1900). However, no consistent diel surfacing trend was recorded for the turtles in winter or spring, owing to considerable variation among individual R. leukops. Diurnal surfacing trends recorded for R. leukops in autumn and summer are attributed to periods of increased activity (possibly associated with foraging) during the daylight hours and not to daily variations in water temperature or aquatic PO2level. Turtles generally remained at a depth greater than 1 m throughout the day, where the effect of diel fluctuations in water temperature (<0.5 °C) and aquatic PO2level (<15 mm Hg (1 mm Hg = 133.322 Pa)) was considered to be negligible.

Seasonal changes in the diving performance of the bimodally respiring freshwater turtleRheodytes leukopsin a natural setting

The objective of this study was to investigate how seasonally fluctuating environmental conditions influence the diving performance of the highly aquatic, bimodally respiring turtle Rheodytes leukops in a natural setting. Over four consecutive seasons (Austral autumn 2000 to summer 2001), the diving behaviour of adult turtles was recorded via pressure-sensitive time–depth recorders within Marlborough Creek, central Queensland, Australia. Short surfacing intervals recorded for R. leukops in winter suggest that the species utilizes aquatic respiration as an overwintering strategy to prevent the development of a metabolic acidosis during the long inactive dives observed during the season. As water temperature increases and aquatic PO2decreases, R. leukops switches from facultative to obligate air-breathing, presumably because of the increased metabolic cost associated with aquatic respiration under summer conditions. Increases in mean surfacing time from winter to spring and summer are attributed to seasonal changes in behaviour possibly associated with foraging rather than to the physiological state of the turtle, given that no difference in median surfacing time among seasons was observed.

A comparison of the heart rate at different ambient temperatures during long-term hibernation in the garden dormouse, Eliomys quercinus L

Heart rate in hibernating garden dormice, Eliomys quercinus, was studied by means of permanently implanted electrodes; ambient temperatures (TA's) were maintained at 0, 4, 6.5, and 9 degrees C during the 6-month test period in each winter study. The animals were kept under constant conditions in darkness and without food or water. Heart rate remained at a low level during deep hibernation at all TA's studied. There were no differences in midwinter values between the TA's of 6.5 and 9 degrees C: the means were 9-12 beats/min during apnea. Heart rate thus differs from other hibernation parameters studied simultaneously, which were strongly TA dependent. However, the optimal TA of 4 degrees C could be distinguished and heart rate was significantly lower, 8-10 beats/min. At 0 degree C the values were slightly higher: 12-13 beats/min. The TA of 0 degree C was exceptional for all parameters studied. At the beginning of the hibernation season was a transition period with elevated heart rate values. Respiratory-related heart-rate changes appeared during periodic respiration, heart rate being significantly higher during respiratory periods at all TA's. At 0, 6.5, and 9 degrees C tachycardia occurred also during apnea, very close to the respiratory period. There are responses that are comparable to hypoxic environmental conditions during hibernation, diving, and pregnancy and under high-altitude conditions. Parallel adaptations appear in heart rate and respiration, i.e., bradycardia and periodic respiration. In conclusion, heart-rate values were low during deep hibernation, and compared with other parameters measured at different TA's heart rate is maintained inside narrow limits during deep hibernation.