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Lerfall J, Roth B, Skare EF, Henriksen A, Betten T, Dziatkowiak-Stefaniak MA, Rotabakk BT. Pre-mortem stress and the subsequent effect on flesh quality of pre-rigor filleted Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) during ice storage. Food Chem 2015; 175:157-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gaarder MØ, Bahuaud D, Veiseth-Kent E, Mørkøre T, Thomassen MS. Relevance of calpain and calpastatin activity for texture in super-chilled and ice-stored Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets. Food Chem 2011; 132:9-17. [PMID: 26434257 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present experiment was to measure the protease activities in ice-stored and super-chilled Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets, and the effect on texture. Pre-rigour fillets of Atlantic salmon were either super-chilled to a core temperature of -1.5°C or directly chilled on ice prior to 144h of ice storage. A significantly higher calpain activity was detected in the super-chilled fillets at 6h post-treatment compared to the ice-stored fillets and followed by a significant decrease below its initial level, while the calpastatin activity was significantly lower for the super-chilled fillets at all time points. The cathepsin B+L and B activities increased significantly with time post-treatment; however, no significant differences were observed at any time points between the two treatments. For the ice stored fillets, the cathepsin L activity decreased significantly from 6 to 24h post-treatment and thereafter increased significantly to 144h post-treatment. There was also a significantly lower cathepsin L activity in the super-chilled fillets at 0h post-treatment. No significant difference in breaking force was detected; however, a significant difference in maximum compression (Fmax) was detected at 24h post-treatment with lower Fmax in the super-chilled fillets. This experiment showed that super-chilling had a significant effect on the protease activities and the ATP degradation in salmon fillets. The observed difference in Fmax may be a result of these observed differences, and may indicate a softening of the super-chilled salmon muscle at 24h post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ø Gaarder
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), Department of Animal- and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Post Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway.
| | - D Bahuaud
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), Department of Animal- and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Post Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | | | - T Mørkøre
- Nofima Marin AS, Osloveien 1, 1430 Aas, Norway
| | - M S Thomassen
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), Department of Animal- and Aquacultural Sciences (IHA), Post Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
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Bahuaud D, Mørkøre T, Østbye TK, Veiseth-Kent E, Thomassen M, Ofstad R. Muscle structure responses and lysosomal cathepsins B and L in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) pre- and post-rigor fillets exposed to short and long-term crowding stress. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Discovery of mammalian genes that participate in virus infection. BMC Cell Biol 2004; 5:41. [PMID: 15522117 PMCID: PMC534806 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-5-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that rely upon the host cell for different steps in their life cycles. The characterization of cellular genes required for virus infection and/or cell killing will be essential for understanding viral life cycles, and may provide cellular targets for new antiviral therapies. Results Candidate genes required for lytic reovirus infection were identified by tagged sequence mutagenesis, a process that permits rapid identification of genes disrupted by gene entrapment. One hundred fifty-one reovirus resistant clones were selected from cell libraries containing 2 × 105 independently disrupted genes, of which 111 contained mutations in previously characterized genes and functionally anonymous transcription units. Collectively, the genes associated with reovirus resistance differed from genes targeted by random gene entrapment in that known mutational hot spots were under represented, and a number of mutations appeared to cluster around specific cellular processes, including: IGF-II expression/signalling, vesicular transport/cytoskeletal trafficking and apoptosis. Notably, several of the genes have been directly implicated in the replication of reovirus and other viruses at different steps in the viral lifecycle. Conclusions Tagged sequence mutagenesis provides a rapid, genome-wide strategy to identify candidate cellular genes required for virus infection. The candidate genes provide a starting point for mechanistic studies of cellular processes that participate in the virus lifecycle and may provide targets for novel anti-viral therapies.
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Sheng J, Organ EL, Hao C, Wells KS, Ruley HE, Rubin DH. Mutations in the IGF-II pathway that confer resistance to lytic reovirus infection. BMC Cell Biol 2004; 5:32. [PMID: 15333144 PMCID: PMC517494 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-5-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/27/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and rely upon the host cell for different steps in their life cycles. The characterization of cellular genes required for virus infection and/or cell killing will be essential for understanding viral life cycles, and may provide cellular targets for new antiviral therapies. RESULTS A gene entrapment approach was used to identify candidate cellular genes that affect reovirus infection or virus induced cell lysis. Four of the 111 genes disrupted in clones selected for resistance to infection by reovirus type 1 involved the insulin growth factor-2 (IGF-II) pathway, including: the mannose-6-phosphate/IGF2 receptor (Igf2r), a protease associated with insulin growth factor binding protein 5 (Prss11), and the CTCF transcriptional regulator (Ctcf). The disruption of Ctcf, which encodes a repressor of Igf2, was associated with enhanced Igf2 gene expression. Plasmids expressing either the IGF-II pro-hormone or IGF-II without the carboxy terminal extension (E)-peptide sequence independently conferred high levels of cellular resistance to reovirus infection. Forced IGF-II expression results in a block in virus disassembly. In addition, Ctcf disruption and forced Igf2 expression both enabled cells to proliferate in soft agar, a phenotype associated with malignant growth in vivo. CONCLUSION These results indicate that IGF-II, and by inference other components of the IGF-II signalling pathway, can confer resistance to lytic reovirus infection. This report represents the first use of gene entrapment to identify host factors affecting virus infection. Concomitant transformation observed in some virus resistant cells illustrates a potential mechanism of carcinogenesis associated with chronic virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Sheng
- Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Edward L Organ
- Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Chuanming Hao
- Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - K Sam Wells
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - H Earl Ruley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Donald H Rubin
- Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Galvin CD, Hardiman O, Nolan CM. Binding of 125I-insulin-like growth factor-II to cells cultured in fetal bovine serum: a complication. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2000; 32:189-200. [PMID: 10687953 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(99)00128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor II is an important fetal mitogen in mice and humans and its biological activity is regulated in a complex manner. The peptide interacts with three membrane-bound receptors, with a superfamily of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and with the proteoglycan, glypican-3. Recently, the blood protein, vitronectin, has been identified as a novel insulin-like growth factor II-binding protein. Many studies have used cell lines maintained in fetal bovine serum to identify cell surface insulin-like growth factor II binding sites. We now describe a complication associated with the interpretation of such in vitro studies. Fetal bovine serum-derived vitronectin adheres very tightly to tissue culture dishes. When cells that have been maintained in fetal bovine serum are incubated with 125I-insulin-like growth factor II, a substantial fraction of the 125I-insulin-like growth factor II apparently associated with the cell surfaces may represent radioliogand bound by the fetal bovine serum-derived vitronectin. This may result in over-estimation of cell surface insulin-like growth factor II binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Galvin
- Zoology Department, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Jeffcott LB, Henson FM. Studies on growth cartilage in the horse and their application to aetiopathogenesis of dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis). Vet J 1998; 156:177-92. [PMID: 9883086 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(98)80121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The importance of osteochondrosis (dyschondroplasia) to the horse industry has been well documented since it was first recorded 50 years ago. The condition is known to be multifactorial in origin, arising from focal failure of endochondral ossification at predilection sites in articular/epiphyseal growth cartilage, but specific information on its aetiopathogenesis is sparse. This paper reviews the current knowledge of growth cartilage metabolism and the process of normal endochondral ossification in the horse. It highlights the localization of various protein products of chondrocytes and the differences in the zones of articular cartilage. In the early focal lesions (referred to as dyschondroplasia) there are alterations in the chondrocytes, extracellular matrix and some of the local protein products. The most obvious feature is an alteration in matrix metabolism which may be responsible for triggering a range of other factors leading to the development of a retained core of cartilage and a primary lesion of dyschondroplasia. Based on available evidence, a preliminary hypothesis for pathogenesis is presented. This suggests that there are a number of factors capable of initiating the condition. One of these involves high circulating insulin levels from high energy feeding which may affect chondrocyte maturation leading to altered matrix metabolism and faulty mineralization resulting in the formation of cartilage cores which characterize the condition. Further research to test this hypothesis is needed before there can be a rational basis for prophylaxis.
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De Ceuninck F, Pastoureau P, Bouet F, Bonnet J, Vanhoutte PM. Purification of guinea pig YKL40 and modulation of its secretion by cultured articular chondrocytes. J Cell Biochem 1998; 69:414-24. [PMID: 9620168 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19980615)69:4<414::aid-jcb3>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to purify, characterize, and study the regulation at the chondrocyte level of the guinea pig (gp) homologue of human (R) YKL40, a putative marker of arthritic disorders. Studying YKL40 in guinea pigs is of particular interest, as age-related osteoarthritis develops in this species spontaneously. Both N-terminal sequencing and total amino acid composition of gpYKL40 purified from the secretion medium of cultured articular chondrocytes indicate a high degree of identity with hYKL40. gpYKL40 was found to contain complex N-linked carbohydrate, as demonstrated by N-glycosidase F and endoglycosidase F digestion. Isoelectric focusing demonstrated the presence of a major band at pI 6.7. The secretion of gpYKL40 by confluent articular chondrocytes in the extracellular medium was studied by immunoblotting. gpYKL40 was released by chondrocytes continuously over a 7 day period and did not appear to be degraded by proteinases, as its signal intensity in cell-free medium at 37 degrees C did not decrease with time. Thus, gpYKL40 displays high stability and accumulates in extracellular medium without reaching a steady-state level. Among the main factors known to regulate cartilage metabolism, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, bFGF, or 1,25(OH)2D3 did not alter the basal level of gpYKL40, and retinoic acid had a slight inhibitory effect; TGF-beta and IGF-I and -II dose-dependently and inversely modulated this basal level. TGF-beta at 5 ng/ml decreased extracellular gpYKL40 2.9-fold, whereas IGF-I and IGF-II at 50 ng/ml increased extracellular gpYKL40 3.6- and 3.4-fold, respectively. The present biochemical and biological findings give new insights for studying the function of YKL40 in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Ceuninck
- Institut de Recherches Servier, Division de Rhumatologie, Suresnes, France
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Poiraudeau S, Lieberherr M, Kergosie N, Corvol MT. Different mechanisms are involved in intracellular calcium increase by insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2 in articular chondrocytes: Voltage-gated calcium channels, and/or phospholipase C coupled to a pertussis-sensitive G-protein. J Cell Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4644(19970301)64:3<414::aid-jcb8>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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