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Cocco P. Time for Re-Evaluating the Human Carcinogenicity of Ethylenedithiocarbamate Fungicides? A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2632. [PMID: 35270318 PMCID: PMC8909994 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In January 2021, the European Union ended the license of Mancozeb, the bestselling ethylenedithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide, because of some properties typical of human carcinogens. This decision contrasts the IARC classification of EBDC fungicides (Group 3, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity). A systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted to explore the current evidence. METHODS Human and experimental studies of cancer and exposure to EBDC fungicides (Mancozeb, Maneb, Zineb, and others) and ethylene thiourea (ETU), their major metabolite, published in English as of December 2021, were retrieved using PubMed, the list of references of the relevant reports, and grey literature. RESULTS The epidemiological evidence of EBDC carcinogenicity is inadequate, with two studies each suggesting an association with melanoma and brain cancer and inconsistent findings for thyroid cancer. Experimental animal studies point at thyroid cancer in rats and liver cancer in mice, while multiple organs were affected following the long-term oral administration of Mancozeb. The mechanism of thyroid carcinogenesis in rats has also been shown to occur in humans. Genotoxic effects have been reported. CONCLUSIONS The results of this systematic review suggest inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of EBDC fungicides from human studies and sufficient evidence from animal studies, with positive results on three out of ten key characteristics of carcinogens applying to humans as well. An IARC re-evaluation of the human carcinogenicity of EBDC fungicides is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Cocco
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Division of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Wang Z, Kottawatta KSA, Kodithuwakku SP, Fernando TS, Lee YL, Ng EHY, Yeung WSB, Lee KF. The fungicide Mancozeb reduces spheroid attachment onto endometrial epithelial cells through downregulation of estrogen receptor β and integrin β3 in Ishikawa cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111606. [PMID: 33396126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mancozeb is a metal-containing ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide widely used in agriculture. Ethylene thiourea (ETU) is the primary metabolite of Mancozeb. Mancozeb has been associated with spontaneous abortions and abnormal menstruation in women. However, the effects of Mancozeb and ETU on embryo attachment remain unknown. The human blastocyst surrogate trophoblastic spheroids (JEG-3), endometrial epithelial surrogate adenocarcinoma cells (Ishikawa), or human primary endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) monolayer were used in the spheroid attachment models. Ishikawa and EECs were pretreated with different concentrations of Mancozeb or ETU for 48 h before the attachment assay. Gene expression profiles of Ishikawa cells were examined to understand how Mancozeb modulates endometrial receptivity with Microarray. The genes altered by Mancozeb were confirmed by qPCR and compared with the ETU treated groups. Mancozeb and ETU treatment inhibited cell viability at 10 μg/mL and 5000 µg/mL, respectively. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, Mancozeb at 3 μg/mL and ETU at 300 μg/mL reduced JEG-3 spheroid attachment onto Ishikawa cells. A similar result was observed with human primary endometrial epithelial cells. Mancozeb at 3 μg/mL modified the transcription of 158 genes by at least 1.5-fold in Microarray analysis. The expression of 10 differentially expressed genes were confirmed by qPCR. Furthermore, Mancozeb decreased spheroid attachment possibly through downregulating the expression of endometrial estrogen receptor β and integrin β3, but not mucin 1. These results were confirmed in both overexpression and knockdown experiments and co-culture assay. Mancozeb but not its metabolite ETU reduced spheroid attachment through modulating gene expression profile and decreasing estrogen receptor β and integrin β3 expression of endometrial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kottawattage S A Kottawatta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, The University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Suranga P Kodithuwakku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Thevarathanthrige S Fernando
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yin-Lau Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ernest H Y Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - William S B Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai-Fai Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, China.
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Girish BP, Reddy PS. Forskolin ameliorates mancozeb-induced testicular and epididymal toxicity in Wistar rats by reducing oxidative toxicity and by stimulating steroidogenesis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 32. [PMID: 29283200 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we have tested the beneficial effects of forskolin in protecting the mancozeb-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to either mancozeb (500 mg/kg body weight/day) or forskolin (5 mg/kg body weight/day) or both for 65 days and analyzed for spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis and testicular and epididymal oxidative toxicity. A significant decrease in daily sperm production, epididymal sperm count, motile, viable, and hypo-osmotic swelling-tail swelled sperm was observed in mancozeb-treated rats. The activity levels of testicular 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and circulatory testosterone levels were significantly decreased in mancozeb-treated rats. Exposure to mancozeb resulted in a significant decrease in glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase and catalase activity levels with an increase in lipid peroxidation levels in the testes and epididymis. Coadministration of forskolin mitigated the mancozeb-induced oxidative toxicity and suppressed steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Girish
- Department of Biotechnology, S.V. University, Tirupati 517 502, India
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Thippeswamy S, Mohana DC, Abhishek RU, Manjunath K. Efficacy of bioactive compounds isolated from Albizia amara and Albizia saman as source of antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic agents. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-013-0839-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tyagi S, George J, Singh R, Bhui K, Shukla Y. Neoplastic Alterations Induced in Mammalian Skin Following Mancozeb Exposure Using In Vivo and In Vitro Models. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:155-67. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Tyagi
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow 226001 (U.P), India
| | - Jasmine George
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow 226001 (U.P), India
| | - Richa Singh
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow 226001 (U.P), India
| | - Kulpreet Bhui
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow 226001 (U.P), India
| | - Yogeshwer Shukla
- Proteomics Laboratory, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), Lucknow 226001 (U.P), India
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Gerber GB, Léonard A, Hantson P. Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity of manganese compounds. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002; 42:25-34. [PMID: 11923066 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00178-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese, an essential trace element, is one of the most used metals in the industry. Recently, several new manganese compounds have been introduced as fungicide, as antiknock agent in petrol and as contrasting agent in nuclear magnetic resonance tomography. Manganese displays a somewhat unique behaviour with regard to its toxicity. It is relatively non-toxic to the adult organism except to the brain where it causes Parkinson-like symptoms when inhaled even at moderate amounts over longer periods of time. Relatively high doses of manganese affect DNA replication and repair in bacteria and causes mutations in microorganism and mammalian cells although the Ames test does not appear to be particularly responsive to manganese. In mammalian cells, manganese causes DNA damage and chromosome aberrations. Information on organic manganese derivatives is still insufficient. Large amounts of manganese affect fertility in mammals and are toxic to the embryo and foetus. The fungicide MANEB and the contrasting agent MnDPDP also can be embryotoxic, but the latter only at doses much higher than those clinically employed. Information on the anti-knock agent MMT is inadequate. On the other hand, manganese deficiency can also affect fertility and be teratogenic. Information on cancer due to manganese is scanty but the results available do not indicate that inorganic manganese is carcinogenic. More information is desirable with regard to the organic manganese derivatives. It may surprise that an agent that causes mutations is not also carcinogenic. The experience with manganese shows that conclusions with regard to carcinogenicity of an agent based on the observation of mutations are subject to uncertainties. Altogether, it appears that, because of the very high doses at which positive effects have been found, manganese would not represent a significant carcinogenic risk to the population and workers. Care must, however, be exercised with respect to central-nervous symptoms after chronic exposure and with respect to effects on the embryo. Pregnant women should not be exposed to manganese at the work place.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Gerber
- Teratogenicity and Mutagenicity Unit, Catholic University of Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 72, UCL 7237, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Oral administration of mancozeb (100 or 200 mg/kg body weight) for 7 consecutive days caused an increase in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the liver of newborn, weanling and adult rats. This observed increase in GST activity was higher in weanling than in newborn and adult rats. Evaluation of acute effects at 4 and 20 h following oral administration of 200 mg mancozeb/kg showed a marginal increase in the levels of GST in adult rat liver. However, there was competitive inhibition of GST by the fungicide in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Siddiqui
- Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India
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