Tunneling through a deformed potential

Monolayer Phases of a Dipolar Perylene Derivative on Au(111) and Surface Potential Build-Up in Multilayers

9-(Bis-p-tert-octylphenyl)-amino-perylene-3,4-dicarboxy anhydride (BOPA-PDCA) is a strongly dipolar molecule representing a group of asymmetrically substituted perylenes that are employed in dye-sensitized solar cells and hold great promise for discotic liquid crystal applications. Thin BOPA-PDCA films with orientated dipole moments can potentially be used to tune the energy-level alignment in electronic devices and store information. To help assessing these prospects, we here elucidate the molecular self-assembly and electronic structure of BOPA-PCDA employing room temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy in combination with ultraviolet and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. BOPA-PCDA monolayers on Au(111) exclusively form in-plane antiferroelectric phases. The molecular arrangements, the increase of the average number of molecules per unit cell via ripening, and the rearrangement upon manipulation with the STM tip indicate an influence of the dipole moment on the molecular assembly and the rearrangement. A slightly preferred out-of-plane orientation of the molecules in the multilayer induces a surface potential of 1.2 eV. This resembles the giant surface potential effect that was reported for vacuum-deposited tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum and deemed applicable for data storage. Notably, the surface potential in the case of BOPA-PDCA can in part be reversibly removed by visible light irradiation.

Nanographenes as active components of single-molecule electronics and how a scanning tunneling microscope puts them to work

Single-molecule electronics, that is, realizing novel electronic functionalities from single (or very few) molecules, holds promise for application in various technologies, including signal processing and sensing. Nanographenes, which are extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are highly attractive subjects for studies of single-molecule electronics because the electronic properties of their flat conjugated systems can be varied dramatically through synthetic modification of their sizes and topologies. Single nanographenes provide high tunneling currents when adsorbed flat onto conducting substrates, such as graphite. Because of their chemical inertness, nanographenes interact only weakly with these substrates, thereby preventing the need for special epitaxial structure matching. Instead, self-assembly at the interface between a conducting solid, such as the basal plane of graphite, and a nanographene solution generally leads to highly ordered monolayers. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) allows the current-voltage characteristics to be measured through a single molecule positioned between two electrodes; the key to the success of STS is the ability to position the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tip freely with respect to the molecule in all dimensions, that is, both parallel and perpendicular to the surface. In this Account, we report the properties of nanographenes having sizes ranging from 0.7 to 3.1 nm and exhibiting various symmetry, periphery, and substitution types. The size of the aromatic system and the nature of its perimeter are two essential features affecting its HOMO-LUMO gap and charge carrier mobility in the condensed phase. Moreover, the extended pi area of larger substituted PAHs improves the degree of self-ordering, another key requirement for high-performance electronic devices. Self-assembly at the interface between an organic solution and the basal plane of graphite allows deposition of single molecules within the well-defined environment of a molecular monolayer. We have used STM and STS to investigate both the structures and electronic properties of these single molecules in situ. Indeed, we have observed key electronic functions, rectification and current control through single molecules, within a prototypical chemical field-effect transistor at ambient temperature. The combination of nanographenes and STM/STS, with the PAHs self-assembled in oriented molecular mono- or bilayers at the interface between an organic solution and the basal plane of graphite and contacted by the STM tip, is a simple, reliable, and versatile system for developing the fundamental concepts of molecular electronics. Our future targets include fast reversible molecular switches and complex molecular electronic devices coupled together from several single-molecule systems.

Current–Voltage Characteristics of a Homologous Series of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A novel alkyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with D(2h) symmetry and 78 carbon atoms in the aromatic core (C78) was synthesized, thereby completing a homologous series of soluble PAH compounds with increasing size of the aromatic pi system (42, 60, and 78 carbon atoms). The optical band gaps were determined by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy in solution. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) revealed diode-like current versus voltage (I-V) characteristics through individual aromatic cores in monolayers at the interface between the solution and the basal plane of graphite. The asymmetry of the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics increases with the increasing size of the aromatic core, and the concomitantly decreasing HOMO-LUMO gap. This is attributed to resonant tunneling through the HOMO of the adsorbed molecule, and an asymmetric position of the molecular species in the tunnel junction. Consistently, submolecularly resolved STM images at negative substrate bias are in good agreement with the calculated pattern for the electron densities of the HOMOs. The analysis provides the basis for tailoring rectification with a single molecule in an STM junction.

Image Contrast Analysis of STM Images of Self-Assembled Dioctadecyl Chalcogenides on Graphite at the Liquid-Solid Interface

The structures of self-assembled monolayers of dioctadecyl selenide (CH3(CH2)17)2Se and dioctadecyl telluride (CH3(CH2)17)2Te, as well as dioctadecyl ether (CH3(CH2)17)2O and dioctadecyl sulfide (CH3(CH2)17)2S, on graphite at the liquid-solid interface were systematically investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Both dioctadecyl selenide and telluride formed monolayer structures in which the tilt angle between the molecular axis of the alkyl chain and the lamellae axis was 90 degrees , while dioctadecyl ether assembled with a tilt angle of 60 degrees . Dioctadecyl sulfide was found to make two different self-assembled structures having tilt angles of 60 and 90 degrees . When selenide was embedded in ether compounds in mixed self-assembled monolayers, the alkyl chains of the selenide became blurred, implying that the alkyl chains in the monolayers were unstable. This is in contrast with the structure of co-adsorbed monolayers of the ether and sulfide compounds, where the images of all alkyl chains had high spatial resolution. For the co-adsorbed monolayers, the image contrast of chalcogen atoms was normalized compared with that of alkyl chains of the ether compound in the same image frame. The normalized image contrast was found to be independent of the measurement conditions involving tip shapes, having the following trend, Te>Se>S>C>O. The difference in the normalized image contrast among chalcogen atoms are discussed based on fundamental parameters like polarizability and atomic radii.

Solvent Molecules in an Epitaxially Grown Scaffold of Star-Shaped Nanographenes

A scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study of a star-shaped hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC-star) derivative at solid-solution interfaces is presented. The star-shape of the molecules provides voids at their periphery which can be filled by smaller molecules. The use of solvents with different affinities to fill the voids allows for the fine-tuning of the structure of self-assembled architectures of HBC-stars. This concept is demonstrated by the use of solvents of different polarity and size, which leads to the formation of complex, epitaxial architectures at the interface. For small polar solvent molecules, a surprising decrease of the tunneling barrier is observed. The self-assembled architecture may serve as a useful model system for studying the dependence of electron tunneling on order, mobility, and polarity of adsorbates.

Prototypical single-molecule chemical-field-effect transistor with nanometer-sized gates

A prototypical single-molecule chemical-field-effect transistor is presented, in which the current through a hybrid-molecular diode is modified by nanometer-sized charge transfer complexes covalently linked to a molecule in an STM junction. The effect is attributed to an interface dipole which shifts the substrate work function by approximately 120 meV. It is induced by the complexes from electron acceptors covalently bound to the molecule in the gap and electron donors coming from the ambient fluid. This proof of principle is regarded as a major step towards monomolecular electronic devices.

Physical adsorption of immunoglobulin G on gold studied by scanning tunnelling microscopy

This paper describes a preliminary scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) study of the physical adsorption of a mouse monoclonal anti-hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) immunoglobulin G (IgG) on vacuum-evaporated gold surfaces in air. Ellipsoid-like protrusions of various geometric sizes assembled in different surface patterns were observed on scanning adsorbed IgG molecules. It is believed that both the adsorption process per se and the tip-molecule interactions are key factors which determine the topographical features of adsorbed IgG molecules.