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Rodrigues VD, Borges DGL, Conde MH, de Freitas MG, do Nascimento Ramos CA, de Souza AI, Reckziegel GH, de Castro Rodrigues D, Borges FDA. Biomarkers of gastrointestinal nematodes in beef cattle raised in a tropical area. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:207. [PMID: 38713234 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Biomarkers are specific molecular, histological, or physiological characteristics of normal or pathogenic biological processes and are promising in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). Although some biomarkers have been validated for infection by Ostertagia sp. in cattle raised in temperate regions, there is a lack of information for tropical regions. The aim of this project was to assess potential biomarkers and validate the most promising. In the first study, 36 bovines (Nelore breed) naturally infected by GINs were distributed into two groups: infected (not treated with anthelmintic) and treated (treated with fenbendazole on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 56). The variables of interest were live weight, fecal egg count, hemogram, serum biochemical markers, phosphorus, gastrin, and pepsinogen. In the second step, pepsinogen was assessed in cattle of the Nelore breed distributed among three groups: infected (not treated with anthelmintic), MOX (treated with moxidectin), and IVM + BZD (treated with ivermectin + albendazole). In the first study, no difference between groups was found for weight, albumin, hematocrit (corpuscular volume [CV]), erythrocytes, or hemoglobin. Negative correlations were found between pepsinogen and both CV and albumin, and albumin was negatively correlated with the percentage of Haemonchus sp. in the fecal culture. Among the biomarkers, only pepsinogen differentiated treated and infected (beginning with the 28th day of the study). In the second study, a reduction in pepsinogen was found after anthelmintic treatment. Therefore, pepsinogen is a promising biomarker of worms in cattle naturally infected by the genera Haemonchus and Cooperia in tropical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Avenida Senador Filinto Müller, Campo Grande, MS, 2443, Brazil.
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Udahemuka JC, Aboge G, Obiero G, Ingabire A, Beeton N, Uwibambe E, Lebea P. Investigation of foot and mouth disease virus and other animal pathogens in cattle, buffaloes and goats at the interface with Akagera National Park 2017 – 2020. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:349. [PMID: 36114497 PMCID: PMC9479285 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a positive-sense RNA virus of the family of the picornaviridæ that is responsible for one of the livestock diseases with the highest economic impact, the Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). FMD is endemic in Rwanda but there are gaps in knowing its seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology. This study reports the FMD seroprevalence and molecular characterization of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda. Results The overall seroprevalence of FMD in the study area is at 9.36% in cattle and 2.65% in goats. We detected FMDV using molecular diagnostic tools such as RT-PCR and RT-LAMP and the phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences revealed the presence of FMDV serotype SAT 2, lineage II. Sequencing of the oropharyngeal fluid samples collected from African buffaloes revealed the presence of Prevotela ruminicola, Spathidium amphoriforme, Moraxella bovoculi Onchocerca flexuosa, Eudiplodinium moggii, Metadinium medium and Verrucomicrobia bacterium among other pathogens but no FMDV was detected in African buffaloes. Conclusions We recommend further studies to focus on sampling more African buffaloes since the number sampled was statistically insignificant to conclusively exclude the presence or absence of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda buffaloes. The use of RT-PCR alongside RT-LAMP demonstrates that the latter can be adopted in endemic areas such as Rwanda to fill in the gaps in terms of molecular diagnostics. The identification of lineage II of SAT 2 in Rwanda for the first time shows that the categorised FMDV pools as previously established are not static over time. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-022-03430-1.
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das Neves JH, Carvalho N, Dos Santos NC, Júnior JR, Martins CL, Amarante AFT. Effect of antihelminths with contrasting efficacy against gastrointestinal nematodes on the live-weight gain of young Nellore cattle. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 25:100597. [PMID: 34474790 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We estimated the losses caused by gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in young Nellore cattle born in three consecutive calving seasons (Cycles I, II and III). Three groups of animals: Group 1 - free from GIN using 2.5 mg/kg of albendazole sulfoxide; Group II - free from Oesophagosomum radiatum using 0.2 mg/kg of ivermectin but infected with ivermectin-resistant Haemonchus placei and Cooperia spp.; and Group III - non-treated experimental control animals, infected with all GIN, were observed over a period of 12 months. Male and female calves were evaluated starting before weaning when the animals were an average of approximately four months of age. In Cycle I, only females were evaluated. All the animals continued to graze on pastures of Urochloa spp. (= Brachiaria). All the groups showed median faecal egg counts of fewer than 250 eggs per gram (EPG), and no clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis were observed. The blood variables were within the normal ranges, and no calf presented anaemia. In most of the samplings, the median EPGs were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the group treated with albendazole. Throughout the experiment, the most prevalent parasite observed in the control group was Cooperia spp., followed in decreasing order by Haemonchus spp., O. radiatum and Trichostrongylus spp. All the groups of calves exhibited weight gain throughout the trials with control group displaying the lowest body weight gain. Body weight variables between the albendazole- and ivermectin-treated groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). After weaning, females animals in albendazole and ivermectin treated groups exhibited higher body weights, 20.4% and 22.7%, respectively, than those of the control group. Likewise, males treated with albendazole and ivermectin exhibited 27.6% and 25.8%, respectively, more body weight gain than animals under control group. Because the main difference between the ivermectin and the control groups was the O. radiatum parasitism, most of the losses in the control group were possibly due to this nematode species. Nevertheless, the other nematodes species that occurred in relatively high intensities in control group could also have an additive effect in such losses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadino Carvalho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Rolim de Moura, RO, Brazil
| | - Nayara Capaldi Dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - João Ratti Júnior
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Cyntia L Martins
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Charlier J, Höglund J, Morgan ER, Geldhof P, Vercruysse J, Claerebout E. Biology and Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2020; 36:1-15. [PMID: 32029177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the basics of gastrointestinal nematode biology and pathophysiology in cattle and describes how gastrointestinal nematode epidemiology is driven by environmental, host, and farm economic determinants. Adverse effects from gastrointestinal nematodes on their hosts are caused by tissue damage, nutrient absorption, immunopathologic effects, and reduced food intake induced by hormonal changes. Weather and microenvironmental factors influence the development and survival of free-living parasitic stages. A holistic control approach entails the consideration of environmental, immunologic, and socioeconomic aspects of nematode epidemiology and is key for the development and communication of sustainable control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Höglund
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Box 7036, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Eric R Morgan
- Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
| | - Edwin Claerebout
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
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Experimental infection of calves with Haemonchus placei or Haemonchus contortus : Assessment of clinical, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathological characteristics of abomasums. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:125-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Oliveira AAD, Borges SL, Julião FDS, Silva A, Souza VMMD, Silveira RXD, Teixeira MCA, Almeida MAOD. Nematoides gastrintestinais e Cryptosporidium sp. em avestruzes e fatores associados à infecção no Polo Regional do Paraguaçu, Estado da Bahia. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE E PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-99402012000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Os parasitos são responsáveis por prejuízos econômicos na estrutiocultura, visto reduzirem a produção. Para determinar a frequência de nematoides gastrintestinais e de Cryptosporidium sp., em avestruzes, bem como os fatores associados a transmissão, foram colhidas amostras de fezes de 342 avestruzes, dos quais 188 eram adultos e 154 jovens, criados em sete plantéis no Polo Regional do Paraguaçu, para a contagem de ovos por grama de fezes, identificação de larvas de terceiro estádio de nematoides e de oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. Os dados relacionados aos animais e ao ambiente foram obtidos por meio de visita às propriedades e entrevistas com os produtores. A associação entre a carga parasitária e às variáveis de manejo dos animais foi analisada pelo teste Qui-quadrado e por Razão de Odds, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Em todos os plantéis, foram encontradas aves infectadas. Em 88,3% das amostras de fezes, foram detectados ovos de nematoides gastrointestinal, e, em 18,8%, oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp. Larvas de Libyostrongylus dentatus (98%), L.douglassii (2%) e Codiostomum sp. (2%) foram identificadas nas coproculturas. Fatores ambientais e de manejo estão associados com risco de enteroparasitos em criações de avestruz. As aves mantidas em piquetes de topografia acidentada, na ausência de outros animais ou que recebiam água procedente de poços ou cisternas, apresentavam menores chances de infecção por nematoides, enquanto para o gênero Cryptosporidium, as criações em áreas planas, com presença de outros animais nos piquetes e o fornecimento da água do rio aumentam as chances (2,7 vezes) de infecção.
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Torres-Acosta JFJ, Molento M, Mendoza de Gives P. Research and implementation of novel approaches for the control of nematode parasites in Latin America and the Caribbean: is there sufficient incentive for a greater extension effort? Vet Parasitol 2011; 186:132-42. [PMID: 22169402 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The widespread presence of anthelmintic resistant gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes in outdoor ruminant production systems has driven the need to identify and develop novel approaches for the control of helminths with the intention to reduce the dependence on commercial anthelmintic drugs. This paper identifies what has been done in Latin America (LA) in terms of estimating the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in ruminant production systems and the application of different novel approaches for the control of helminths in those systems, including research and extension activities. Firstly, the paucity of knowledge of AR is discussed in the context of different countries, as well as, the available economic resources for research, the technical infrastructure available and the practical difficulties of the production systems. It is then proposed that the search for novel approaches is not only driven by AR but also by the need for techniques that are feasible for application by resource-poor farmers in non-commercial subsistence farming systems. However, the commercial benefits of these approaches are often limited and so are funding inputs in most countries. The workers participating in the research into different novel approaches are identified as well as the different methods being studied in the different areas of LA according to their published results. In addition, the difficulties experienced during extension efforts to reach farmers and help them to adopt novel approaches for the control of parasitic nematodes in LA are discussed. The role of regulatory authorities in these countries is discussed as some methods of control might need an official confirmation of their efficacy as well as authorization prior to application as they may affect animal products (i.e. residues) and/or impose a hazard for animal welfare. The role of the pharmaceutical companies is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F J Torres-Acosta
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, CCBA, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Jensen J, Vieira-Bressan M. Protection against high-dose homologous infection in calves immunized with intestine or membrane extracts from Haemonchus placei. Vet Parasitol 2008; 151:344-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ketzis JK, Vercruysse J, Stromberg BE, Larsen M, Athanasiadou S, Houdijk JGM. Evaluation of efficacy expectations for novel and non-chemical helminth control strategies in ruminants. Vet Parasitol 2006; 139:321-35. [PMID: 16769174 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The interest in novel methods of controlling helminth infections in ruminants is driven primarily by the development of parasite resistance to currently available anthelmintics. While the purpose of anthelmintics is to achieve high efficacy, i.e. >90% reduction of adult and/or larval parasites in the target host animal, the purpose of novel parasite control methods is rather to assist in maintaining parasite infections below the economic threshold. The ability to maintain parasite levels below the economic threshold is related not only to the efficacy of the control method, but also to the epidemiology of the parasites, climatic conditions, the livestock management program, and integration in a sustainable parasite control program. Because of this fundamental difference, novel parasite control methods need to be evaluated using efficacy criteria different from that adopted for anthelmintics. Although the efficacy of novel parasite control methods may be demonstrated in classic dose-confirmation studies, the impact on livestock production parameters can only be evaluated when tested on-farm. In this paper, the rationale for evaluating novel methods differently from anthelmintics is reviewed, potential performance expectations are presented, and four novel parasite control methods (vaccines, nematophagous fungi, condensed tannins, and immunonutrition) are assessed based on the potential performance criteria.
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HAYASHIDA M, ORDEN EA, CRUZ EM, CRUZ LC, FUJIHARA T. Is Leucaena leaf useful as a selenium supplement for growing Philippine goats? Anim Sci J 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Van Aken D, Vercruysse J, Dargantes AP, Lagapa JT, Raes S, Shaw DJ. Pathophysiological aspects of Mecistocirrus digitatus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) infection in calves. Vet Parasitol 1997; 69:255-63. [PMID: 9195735 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(96)01132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Three groups of four calves were experimentally infected with infectious larvae of Mecistocirrus digitatus. One group received a trickle infection of 5000 L3 per day for 8 days, the other two groups received a single infection of 5000 and 40,000 L3, respectively. All animals were necropsied 120 days after infection. Prepatent periods varied between 61 and 79 days, and maximal faecal egg output was reached between 80 and 100 days after infection. Repeated infections were not additive and worm counts at 120 days after infection varied between 100 and 440 in the first two groups and between 120 and 1700 in the last group. There was no significant difference in worm counts between the different infection regimes. However, there was a significant positive relationship between worm burden and faecal egg counts. In addition, there were significant negative relationships between worm burden and packed cell volume, and weight gain. The relative decreases in packed cell volume and weight gain emerged 70-80 days after infection. Serum pepsinogen levels were significantly elevated by the end of the trial, but the observed positive relationship between worm burden and pepsinogen was not significant. An enzyme immunoassay based on crude adult antigen was able to detect M. digitatus infection at 90 and 100 days after infection, but again there was no significant association between worm burden and antibody levels. Therefore, anaemia and a reduction in weight gain caused by the haematophagous activity of adult stages seem to be the most important pathogenic effects of M. digitatus infection in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Van Aken
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Central Mindanao University, Bukidnon, Philippines
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van Houtert MF, Sykes AR. Implications of nutrition for the ability of ruminants to withstand gastrointestinal nematode infections. Int J Parasitol 1996; 26:1151-67. [PMID: 9024860 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(96)00120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Resistance and resilience of the ruminant host to gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic nematode infections are influenced by many factors, including nutrition. This review examines the effects of host nutrition on the ability of ruminants to withstand GI nematode infections. Firstly the effects of infection on host metabolism are summarised briefly. An important factor in the pathogenesis is a reduction in feed intake by the host. Gut nematodes also increase endogenous protein losses, which result in net loss of amino acids to the parasitised host, though energy and mineral metabolism are also perturbed. The indications are that the major nutritional change is in protein metabolism. Resilience (the ability of an animal to withstand the effects of infection) can be enhanced markedly by increasing metabolisable protein supply and to a lesser extent metabolisable energy supply. Resistance to GI nematodes (ability of host to prevent establishment and/or development of infection) is also influenced by diet, particularly metabolisable protein supply. While there do not appear to be any effects of host nutrition on establishment of infective larvae, the rate of rejection of adult worms can be enhanced by improved nutrition. The exact nutritional requirements or the mechanisms involved are not known. It appears that the effects of improving nutritional status on host resilience are more clearly defined than effects on host resistance. The implication of changes in host resistance with nutritional state for host productivity need to be better described. Understanding the role of nutrition in improving both resistance and resilience of the host to GI parasites will be important if producers are to make better use of host acquired immunity and reduce dependence on pesticides for prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F van Houtert
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Group, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand.
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