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Repkin EA, Gafarova ER, Varfolomeeva MA, Kurjachii DS, Polev DE, Shavarda AL, Maslakov GP, Mullakhmetov RI, Zubova EV, Bariev TB, Granovitch AI, Maltseva AL. Littorina snails and Microphallus trematodes: Diverse consequences of the trematode-induced metabolic shifts. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:229. [PMID: 38819740 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The intricate relationships between parasites and hosts encompass a wide range of levels, from molecular interactions to population dynamics. Parasites influence not only the physiological processes in the host organism, but also the entire ecosystem, affecting mortality of individuals, the number of offspring through parasitic castration, and matter and energy cycles. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern host-parasite relationships and their impact on host physiology and environment remains challenging. In this study, we analyzed how infection with Microphallus trematodes affects the metabolome of two Littorina snail species inhabiting different intertidal zone shore levels. We applied non-targeted GC-MS-based metabolomics to analyze biochemical shifts induced by trematode infection in a host organism. We have identified changes in energy, amino acid, sugar, and lipid metabolism. In particular, we observed intensified amino acid catabolism and nitrogenous catabolites (glutamine, urea) production. These changes primarily correlated with infection and interspecies differences of the hosts rather than shore level. The changes detected in the host metabolism indicate that other aspects of life may have been affected, both within the host organism and at a supra-organismal level. Therefore, we explored changes in microbiota composition, deviations in the host molluscs behavior, and acetylcholinesterase activity (ACE, an enzyme involved in neuromuscular transmission) in relation to infection. Infected snails displayed changes in their microbiome composition. Decreased ACE activity in snails was associated with reduced mobility, but whether it is associated with trematode infection remains unclear. The authors suggest a connection between the identified biochemical changes and the deformation of the shell of molluscs, changes in their behavior, and the associated microbiome. The role of parasitic systems formed by microphallid trematodes and Littorina snails in the nitrogen cycle at the ecosystem level is also assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor A Repkin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- Research Park Centre for Molecular and Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta R Gafarova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina A Varfolomeeva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitrii S Kurjachii
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitrii E Polev
- Department of Epidemiology, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 Mira Street 14, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexei L Shavarda
- Research Park Centre for Molecular and Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute, 197376 Professora Popova Street 2, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Georgiy P Maslakov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Roman I Mullakhmetov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Zubova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Timur B Bariev
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrei I Granovitch
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arina L Maltseva
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Bonfim TCDS, Martins FG, Tunholi-Alves VM, Dos Santos MAJ, Castro RN, Brandolini SVPB, Pinheiro J. Carbohydrate metabolism evaluation of terrestrial snail Subulina octona (Gastropoda, Subulinidae) experimentally infected by the Paratanaisia bragai digenetic trematode (Digenea, Eucotylidae). Parasitol Int 2024; 98:102805. [PMID: 37696330 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the effects of the larval development of digenetic trematodes on their intermediate hosts, changes in the carbohydrate metabolism in the snails stand out. The aim of this study was to analyze, every 10 days after infection (d.p.i.), the effects of Paratanaisia bragai infection on the glycogen content in the digestive gland and cephalopedal mass in Subulina octona snail, and also verify the glucose concentration and the enzyme D- and L-lactate dehydrogenase activity (EC1.1.1.27 and EC1.1.1.28) (LDH) and the concentration of some metabolites(oxalic, succinic, pyruvic and lactic acid) presents in the hemolymph. Histochemical analisys were also performed. We verified a total increase of 54.81% in glucose concentration in infected snails and an oscillating pattern in the glycogen content in the cephalopedal mass and in the digestive gland. LDH activity shows an increase of 10 d.p.i. (+ 74.32%) and 40 d.p.i. (+ 47.81%) and decrease at 20 d.p.i. and 30 d.p.i. The concentrations of oxalic, succinic and pyruvic acids showed significant and progressive reductions; however, lactic acid had a significant increase. Histological and histochemical analysis showed a tissue disorganization in the cephalopedal mass of infected snails and morphological changes in the digestive gland. These results confirm that infection causes metabolic pathway changes in the snails due to activation of an alternative anaerobic pathway for producing energy, indicated by the increased lactic acid content and LDH activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Cristina Dos Santos Bonfim
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Florence Gonçalves Martins
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Menezes Tunholi-Alves
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), process number E-26/202.866/2016, Av. Erasmo Braga, 118 - Centro, CEP 20.020-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio José Dos Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rosane Nora Castro
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Solange Viana Paschoal Blanco Brandolini
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jairo Pinheiro
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR-465-km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, UFRRJ, BR465, km 7, CEP 23.890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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Alterations in the Mitochondrial Physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) After Experimental Infection by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae). Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:693-699. [PMID: 30887270 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a metastrongylid nematode that has a heteroxenous cycle, where snails act as intermediate hosts and the rodents Rattus rattus and Rattus novergicus are the definitive hosts. However, humans may act as accidental hosts presenting an atypical form of parasitism. This fact has motivated research to better understand systems of relationships involving A. cantonensis, targeting the control of species of gastropods that act as intermediary hosts. METHODS For this, six groups were formed: three control groups (uninfected) and three infected groups, exposed to approximately 1200 L1 larvae of A. cantonensis. At the end of each week (1, 2, and 3 weeks), snails were dissected without anesthesia and the gonad-digestive gland (DGG) complex was separated for determination of oxygen consumption through high-resolution titration-injection respirometer (Oroboros, Oxygraph; Innsbruck, Austria). RESULTS The results indicate suppression of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism of the host and compromised in different mitochondrial respiratory states. This effect, mainly observed in the group exposed to 1 week of infection, showed a decrease of approximately 38% (2.78 ± 0.37 pmol O2/mg of tissue; P < 0.05), 41% (2.76 ± 0.34 pmol O2/mg of tissue; P < 0.05) e 46% (2.91 ± 0.36 pmol O2/mg of tissue; P < 0.05) in the basal oxygen consumption after sequential addition (P + M), succinate and (ADP) in the respiratory medium, differing significantly from the control group. CONCLUSION The results presented indicate that the prepatent infection by this metastrongylid impairs the aerobic oxidative metabolism of its host, causing a reduction in basal oxygen consumption. This effect, observed at the start of development of the parasites, indicates that this stage is the most critical for the success of the infection, and can be explained by a reduction of the mitochondrial density of the tissue analyzed, or also by suppression of enzyme centers related to the oxidative reactions.
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Tunholi-Alves VM, Tunholi VM, Teixeira Santos A, Dos Santos Bonfim TC, da Silva Garcia J, Maldonado A, da-Silva WS, Pinheiro J. WITHDRAWN: Alterations in the mitochondrial physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) after experimental infection by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastongylidae). Exp Parasitol 2016:S0014-4894(16)30105-9. [PMID: 27240754 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Menezes Tunholi-Alves
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Victor Menezes Tunholi
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anderson Teixeira Santos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowsky s/n, Ilha do Fundão, Prédio do CCS (Centro de Ciências da Saúde), RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Cristina Dos Santos Bonfim
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juberlan da Silva Garcia
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Maldonado
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, RJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wagner Seixas da-Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Brigadeiro Trompowsky s/n, Ilha do Fundão, Prédio do CCS (Centro de Ciências da Saúde), RJ, Brazil
| | - Jairo Pinheiro
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Km7, BR 465, Antiga estrada Rio-São Paulo, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Evaluation of the mitochondrial system in the gonad-digestive gland complex of Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca, Gastropoda) after infection by Echinostoma paraensei (Trematoda, Echinostomatidae). J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 136:136-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tunholi-Alves VM, Tunholi VM, Castro RN, Sant'Ana LD, Santos-Amaral L, de Oliveira APM, Garcia J, Thiengo SC, Pinheiro J, Maldonado A. Activation of anaerobic metabolism in Biomphalaria glabrata (Mollusca: Gastropoda) experimentally infected by Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda, Metastrongylidae) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:64-8. [PMID: 24042059 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The activity of lactate dehydrogenase and the concentrations of glucose in the hemolymph and of glycogen in the digestive gland and cephalopedal mass of Biomphalaria glabrata experimentally infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis were evaluated. Additionally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the hemolymph concentrations of some carboxylic acids (oxalic, piruvic, lactic and succinic). After one, two and three weeks of infection, the snails were dissected to collect the hemolymph and separate the tissues. A significant reduction of the levels of glucose in the hemolymph was observed as of the first week of infection in relation to the control group. The lactate dehydrogenase activity of the infected group was significantly higher than the average of the control group. This increase was accompanied by a reduction of the levels of piruvic acid and an increase in the levels of lactic acid in the hemolymph of the parasited snails, confirming the acceleration of the anaerobic metabolism, necessary for the host to obtain energy and maintain its redox balance. In parallel, there was a decrease in the glycogen content of the storage tissues, with that reduction being significantly greater in the cephalopedal mass than the digestive gland, demonstrating that in this interaction system, the mobilization of glycogen was not sufficient to maintain and reestablish the normal glycemia of the infected snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Menezes Tunholi-Alves
- Área de Biofísica, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, UFRuralRJ, Brazil; Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRuralRJ, Brazil.
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Abou Elseoud SMF, Abdel Fattah NS, Ezz El Din HM, Abdel Al H, Mossalem H, Elleboudy N. Carboxylic acids as biomarkers of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails infected with Schistosoma mansoni. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2010; 48:127-32. [PMID: 20585528 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomphalaria alexandrina snails play an indispensable role in transmission of schistosomiasis. Infection rates in field populations of snails are routinely determined by cercarial shedding neglecting prepatent snail infections, because of lack of a suitable method for diagnosis. The present study aimed at separation and quantification of oxalic, malic, acetic, pyruvic, and fumaric acids using ion-suppression reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to test the potentiality of these acids to be used as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. The assay was done in both hemolymph and digestive gland-gonad complex (DGG) samples in a total of 300 B. alexandrina snails. All of the studied acids in both the hemolymph and tissue samples except for the fumaric acid in hemolymph appeared to be good diagnostic biomarkers as they provide not only a good discrimination between the infected snails from the control but also between the studied stages of infection from each other. The most sensitive discriminating acid was malic acid in hemolymph samples as it showed the highest F-ratio. Using the Z-score, malic acid was found to be a good potential therapeutic biomarker in the prepatency stage, oxalic acid and acetic acid in the stage of patency, and malic acid and acetic acid at 2 weeks after patency. Quantification of carboxylic acids, using HPLC strategy, was fast, easy, and accurate in prediction of infected and uninfected snails and possibly to detect the stage of infection. It seems also useful for detection of the most suitable acids to be used as drug targets.
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El-Ansary A. Biochemical and immunological adaptation in schistosome parasitism. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 136:227-43. [PMID: 14529749 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to clarify aspects of immunological and biochemical adaptations of schistosomes to their intermediate and final mammalian hosts. Adaptations to the mammalian hosts are traced in relation to cercarial penetration of mammalian skin, glucose transport and metabolism. The unusual ability of schistosome surface membrane to escape immune recognition and damage are reviewed. Moreover, the behavioural changes induced in the intermediate hosts by schistosomes are considered. The evolutionary adaptation to molluscan hosts aims to increase the probability of transmission of the parasite into its mammalian host. This review inspires more hope for further design of anti-schistosome drugs through disturbing aspects of biochemical and immunological adaptations in schistosome parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf El-Ansary
- Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadah, Saudi Arabia.
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Nabih I, el-Ansary A. Metabolic end-products in parasitic helminths and their intermediate hosts. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 101:499-508. [PMID: 1611869 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90328-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oxidoreductases which control the metabolic end-products in helminth parasites and their intermediate hosts were reviewed, in a trial to elucidate the respiratory metabolism during host-parasite associations. Special attention was given to Schistosoma parasites and their molluscan hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nabih
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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Effect of environmental factors and parasitism on hemolymph lysozyme and protein of American oysters (Crassostrea virginica). J Invertebr Pathol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(89)90032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Narayanan R, Venkateswararao P. Effect of xiphidiocercarial infection on oxidation of glycolytic and Krebs cycle intermediates in Lymnaea luteola (Mollusca). J Invertebr Pathol 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(80)90129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stanislawski E, Becker W. Alterations of the free amino acid content in the hemolymph of Biomphalaria glabrata (Pulmonata) in starvation and after infection with Schistosoma mansoni (Trematoda). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 63:477-82. [PMID: 318425 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. Analysing the free amino acid content of the hemolymph of normally fed, starved and schistosome-infected Biomphalaria glabrata we identified 22 amino acids and amines, respectively. 2. In comparison with normally fed snails the free amino acid content of starved and infected snails was significantly reduced. 3. However, only slight differences between the ornithine and citrulline content occurred in the three test groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stanislawski
- Zoologisches Institut, Universität Hamburg, Bundesrepublik Deutschland
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