1
|
Hurley-Sanders JL, Levine JF, Nelson SAC, Law JM, Showers WJ, Stoskopf MK. Key metabolites in tissue extracts of Elliptio complanata identified using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov023. [PMID: 27293708 PMCID: PMC4778454 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We used (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to describe key metabolites of the polar metabolome of the freshwater mussel, Elliptio complanata. Principal components analysis documented variability across tissue types and river of origin in mussels collected from two rivers in North Carolina (USA). Muscle, digestive gland, mantle and gill tissues yielded identifiable but overlapping metabolic profiles. Variation in digestive gland metabolic profiles between the two mussel collection sites was characterized by differences in mono- and disaccharides. Variation in mantle tissue metabolomes appeared to be associated with sex. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a sensitive means to detect metabolites in the tissues of E. complanata and holds promise as a tool for the investigation of freshwater mussel health and physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Hurley-Sanders
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Box 7106, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- North Carolina State University, Environmental Medicine Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jay F. Levine
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- North Carolina State University, Environmental Medicine Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Stacy A. C. Nelson
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University, Box 7106, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - J. M. Law
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- North Carolina State University, Environmental Medicine Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - William J. Showers
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael K. Stoskopf
- North Carolina State University, Environmental Medicine Consortium, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Box 8401, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Spann N, Aldridge DC, Griffin JL, Jones OAH. Size-dependent effects of low level cadmium and zinc exposure on the metabolome of the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 105:589-599. [PMID: 21946168 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The toxic effects of low level metal contamination in sediments are currently poorly understood. We exposed different sized Asian clams, Corbicula fluminea, to sediment spiked with environmentally relevant concentrations of either zinc, cadmium or a zinc-cadmium mixture for one week. This freshwater bivalve is well suited for sediment toxicity tests as it lives partly buried in the sediment and utilises sediment particles as a food resource. After one week, the whole tissue composition of low molecular weight metabolites was analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The condition index (ratio of tissue dry weight to volume inside the shell valves) was also measured. Small and large clams were clearly differentiated by their metabolic composition and the two size classes showed opposite responses to the mixture spiked sediment. No effects of zinc alone on the metabolome were found and cadmium only influenced the smaller size class. The main perturbations were seen in amino acid and energy metabolism, with small clams using amino acids as an energy resource and larger clams primarily drawing on their larger storage reserves of carbohydrates. Our study demonstrates that metabolomics is a useful technique to test for low level toxicity which does not manifest in mortality or condition index changes. The differing effects between the two size classes stress that it is important to consider age/size when conducting metabolomic and ecotoxicology assessments, since testing for the effects on only one size class makes it more difficult to extrapolate laboratory results to the natural environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Spann
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|