Action and binding of omega-conotoxin on the putative calcium channel of synaptosomal plasma membrane from electric organ of Japanese electric ray, Narke japonica

The presynaptic calcium channel is part of a transmembrane complex linking a synaptic laminin (alpha4beta2gamma1) with non-erythroid spectrin

Nerve regeneration studies at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) suggest that synaptic basal lamina components tell the returning axon where to locate neurotransmitter release machinery, including synaptic vesicle clusters and active zones. Good candidates for these components are the synaptic laminins (LNs) containing alpha4, alpha5, or beta2 chains. Results from a beta2 laminin knockout mouse have suggested a linkage of this extracellular laminin to cytosolic synaptic vesicle clusters. Here we report such a transmembrane link at the electric organ synapse, which is homologous to the NMJ. We immunopurified electric organ synaptosomes and found on their surface two laminins of 740 and 900 kDa. The 740 kDa laminin has a composition of alpha4beta2gamma1 (laminin-9). Immunostaining reveals that as in the NMJ, alpha4 and beta2 chains are concentrated at the electric organ synapse. Using detergent-solubilized synaptosomes, we immunoprecipitated a complex containing alpha4beta2gamma1 laminin, the voltage-gated calcium channel, and the cytoskeletal protein spectrin. Other presynaptic proteins such as 900 kDa laminin are not found in this complex. We hypothesize that alpha4beta2gamma1 laminin in the synaptic basal lamina attaches to calcium channel, which in turn is attached to cytosolic spectrin. Spectrin could then organize synaptic vesicle clusters by binding vesicle-associated proteins.

Ion channels in presynaptic nerve terminals and control of transmitter release

The primary function of the presynaptic nerve terminal is to release transmitter quanta and thus activate the postsynaptic target cell. In almost every step leading to the release of transmitter quanta, there is a substantial involvement of ion channels. In this review, the multitude of ion channels in the presynaptic terminal are surveyed. There are at least 12 different major categories of ion channels representing several tens of different ion channel types; the number of different ion channel molecules at presynaptic nerve terminals is many hundreds. We describe the different ion channel molecules at the surface membrane and inside the nerve terminal in the context of their possible role in the process of transmitter release. Frequently, a number of different ion channel molecules, with the same basic function, are present at the same nerve terminal. This is especially evident in the cases of calcium channels and potassium channels. This abundance of ion channels allows for a physiological and pharmacological fine tuning of the process of transmitter release and thus of synaptic transmission.

Lambert-Eaton syndrome antibodies inhibit acetylcholine release and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels in electric ray nerve endings

1. The types of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) present in the cholinergic terminals isolated from the electric organ of the ray, Narke japonica, were characterized on the basis of their pharmacological sensitivity to specific antagonists. Inhibition of these channel types by autoantibodies from patients with the Lambert-Eaton syndrome (LES) was then studied to determine the specificity of the pathogenic IgG. 2. In normal untreated synaptosomal preparations, maximal doses of N- and P and/or Q-type Ca2+ channel antagonists, omega-conotoxin GVIA and omega-agatoxin IVA, inhibited depolarization-evoked ACh release by 47 % and 43 %, respectively. Calciseptine, an L-type VDCC antagonist, caused a 20 % reduction in the release. This indicates that the exocytotic release process is predominantly mediated by N- and P/Q-type VDCCs. 3. LES IgG or sera caused an inhibition of ACh release by 39-45 % in comparison with the control antibody-treated preparations. The ionomycin-induced ACh release, however, was not altered by the antibodies. Additionally, the same LES antibodies inhibited whole-cell calcium currents (ICa) in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Thus, the pathogenic antibodies exert their action on VDCCs present in the synaptosomes. 4. The efficacy of three Ca2+ channel antagonists in blocking ACh release was determined in preparations pretreated with LES IgG. omega-Agatoxin IVA produced only an additional 3-5 % reduction in release beyond that obtained with LES antibodies. Despite the pretreatment with LES IgG, omega-conotoxin GVIA and calciseptine inhibited the release to nearly their control levels. 5. These results indicate that LES antibodies mainly downregulate P/Q-type Ca2+ channels which contribute to presynaptic transmitter release from the cholinergic nerve terminals of electric organ. 6. The present findings are consistent with the hypothesis that P/Q-type VDCCs at the neuromuscular junction are the target of LES antibodies and that their inhibition by the antibodies produces the characteristic neuromuscular defect in this disease.

cDNA isolation of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein from cholinergic nerve terminals of the electric organ of the electric ray

Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein containing three phosphorylation sites in its cytoplasmic domain. In the present study, we isolated cDNA of APP from electric ray electric lobe (elAPP). This APP (elAPP699) consists of 699 amino acids, contains the beta-amyloid domain and has 80.7% similarity with the human APP695 isoform. The cytoplasmic domain, including three phosphorylation sites, was completely conserved. In the nerve terminals of the cholinergic neuron from the electric ray electric organ, we found elAPP699 existed exclusively in the mature form. We found the phosphorylated form of mature elAPP699 in the nerve terminal as well as in cell body. Immature elAPP699 was not subject to phosphorylation. Our findings indicate that, in neurons, the phosphorylation of APP occurs after maturation.

Activation of adenosine A1 and A2 receptors differentially affects acetylcholine release from electric organ synaptosomes by modulating calcium channels

Adenosine inhibited the release of acetylcholine (ACh) evoked by high K+ depolarization from synaptosomes isolated from the electric organ of the Japanese electric ray Narke japonica. The adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclohexyladenosine was an effective inhibitor. Conversely, in the presence of an A1 receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyltheophylline, adenosine potentiated the release of ACh. The A2 receptor agonist N6-[2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methylphenyl)ethyl] adenosine also facilitated the evoked ACh release. Thus, adenosine inhibits the evoked release of ACh via the A1 receptor while it facilitates the release via the A2 receptor. The EC50 for inhibition and facilitation by adenosine was about 1 and 41 microM, respectively. There are three known types of calcium channels (N-, P/Q- and L-type) in synaptosomes. The effects of Ca2+ channel type-specific blockers on the modulation of ACh release by adenosine A1 or A2 receptor activation revealed that inhibition by A1 receptor activation was caused via inhibition of N-type calcium channels and the facilitative effects by A2 receptor activation was mediated by potentiation of P-type calcium channels.

Molecular cloning of synaphins/complexins, cytosolic proteins involved in transmitter release, in the electric organ of an electric ray (Narke japonica)

Synaphins/complexins are cytosolic proteins associated with the docking/fusion complex crucial to transmitter release. The electric organ of the electric ray Narke japonica contained at least two kinds of synaphins as revealed by immunoblotting. cDNAs for three synaphins were cloned from a cDNA library prepared from the electric lobe where cell bodies of electromotor nerves innervating the electric organ exist. The proteins encoded by these cDNAs were named Nj-synaphins 1a, 1b and 2 on the basis of their high homologies (83-93%) to mammalian synaphins 1 and 2. Nj-Synaphins were immunoprecipitated by an anti-syntaxin monoclonal antibody, together with syntaxin, SNAP-25 and VAMP (synaptobrevin), suggesting the presence of a docking/fusion complex similar to that in the mammalian brain.