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Scanes CG, Pierzchała-Koziec K. Research Note: Morphine influences circulating and tissue concentrations of met-enkephalin and proenkephalin (PENK) expression and plasma concentrations of corticosterone in chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103712. [PMID: 38603935 PMCID: PMC11017350 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of the administration of the opioid agonist, morphine, on plasma and tissue concentrations of Met-enkephalin were determined in 14 wk old female chickens. In addition, effects of morphine on proenkephalin (PENK) expression were examined. Plasma concentrations of Met-enkephalin were reduced 10 minutes after morphine administration. Plasma concentrations of peptides that contain Met-enkephalin motifs were decreased 30 minutes after morphine administration. Tissue concentrations of Met-enkephalin tended to be depressed following morphine administration. Adrenal concentrations of PENK peptides containing Met-enkephalin motifs were decreased in chickens challenged with morphine. Expression of PENK in the anterior pituitary gland and adrenal glands were decreased in morphine treated compared to control pullets. In contrast, plasma concentrations of corticosterone were elevated 10 min after morphine treatment. Morphine also induced changes in mu (µ) opioid receptors and delta (δ) opioid receptors in both anterior pituitary tissue and adrenal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Scanes
- Department of Biological Science, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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Jewett DC, Klockars A, Smith TR, Brunton C, Head MA, Tham RL, Kwilasz AJ, Hahn TW, Wiebelhaus JM, Ewan EE, Carroll RM, Grace MK, Levine AS, Olszewski PK. Effects of opioid receptor ligands in rats trained to discriminate 22 from 2 hours of food deprivation suggest a lack of opioid involvement in eating for hunger. Behav Brain Res 2020; 380:112369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Alvarado-Bañuelos M, Barrios De Tomasi E, Juárez J. Changes in the incentive value of food after naltrexone treatment depend on a differential preference for a palatable food in male rats. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 20:416-423. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2016.1162389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alvarado-Bañuelos
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP 44130, México
| | - Eliana Barrios De Tomasi
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP 44130, México
| | - Jorge Juárez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP 44130, México
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McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS. Duration of opioid receptor blockade determines biotherapeutic response. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 97:236-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Farid W, Dunlop S, Tait R, Hulse G. The effects of maternally administered methadone, buprenorphine and naltrexone on offspring: review of human and animal data. Curr Neuropharmacol 2008; 6:125-50. [PMID: 19305793 PMCID: PMC2647150 DOI: 10.2174/157015908784533842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most women using heroin are of reproductive age with major risks for their infants. We review clinical and experimental data on fetal, neonatal and postnatal complications associated with methadone, the current "gold standard", and compare these with more recent, but limited, data on developmental effects of buprenorphine, and naltrexone. Methadone is a micro-opioid receptor agonist and is commonly recommended for treatment of opioid dependence during pregnancy. However, it has undesired outcomes including neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Animal studies also indicate detrimental effects on growth, behaviour, neuroanatomy and biochemistry, and increased perinatal mortality. Buprenorphine is a partial micro-opioid receptor agonist and a kappa-opioid receptor antagonist. Clinical observations suggest that buprenorphine during pregnancy is similar to methadone on developmental measures but is potentially superior in reducing the incidence and prognosis of NAS. However, small animal studies demonstrate that low doses of buprenorphine during pregnancy and lactation lead to changes in offspring behaviour, neuroanatomy and biochemistry. Naltrexone is a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist. Although data are limited, humans treated with oral or sustained-release implantable naltrexone suggest outcomes potentially superior to those with methadone or buprenorphine. However, animal studies using oral or injectable naltrexone have shown developmental changes following exposure during pregnancy and lactation, raising concerns about its use in humans. Animal studies using chronic exposure, equivalent to clinical depot formulations, are required to evaluate safety. While each treatment is likely to have maternal advantages and disadvantages, studies are urgently required to determine which is optimal for offspring in the short and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.O Farid
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - S.A Dunlop
- School of Animal Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - R.J Tait
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - G.K Hulse
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Persson AI, Thorlin T, Eriksson PS. Comparison of immunoblotted delta opioid receptor proteins expressed in the adult rat brain and their regulation by growth hormone. Neurosci Res 2005; 52:1-9. [PMID: 15811547 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It has previously been suggested that exogenous growth hormone (GH) affect quality of life and higher brain functions through the endogenous opioid system. Recently, we showed that GH down-regulate 72 and 48 kDa delta opioid receptor (DOR) proteins in the adult rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum. In the present study, we found that an antiserum raised against the N-terminus of the DOR also recognizes a 36 kDa protein, not recognized by a C-terminus-directed antiserum. We aimed to investigate the identity of the 72, 48 and 36 kDa proteins and to further study the effects of GH on their expression in different brain regions. The expression was studied in hypophysectomized (Hx) and untreated normal female rats. One subgroup of Hx rats received GH as a daily subcutaneous injection for 19 days. Our data show that treatment with GH in Hx rats normalized the expression of the 72 kDa protein in the cerebral cortex, whereas no significant effect were observed for the 48 or 36 kDa proteins. However, GH significantly reduced the ratio between the 72 and 36 kDa proteins in different brain regions of Hx rats. Our data suggest that GH reduces the levels of a 72 kDa DOR that likely represents a dimeric form of a 36 kDa DOR post-translationally truncated at the C-terminus, and that altered receptor dimerization may be involved in GH induced effects in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders I Persson
- The Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Göteborg University, S-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Prolonged morphine treatment targets delta opioid receptors to neuronal plasma membranes and enhances delta-mediated antinociception. J Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11567050 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-19-07598.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors are known to undergo complex regulatory changes in response to ligand exposure. In the present study, we examined the effect of morphine on the in vitro and in vivo density and trafficking of delta opioid receptors (deltaORs). Prolonged exposure (48 hr) of cortical neurons in culture to morphine (10 microm) resulted in a robust increase in the internalization of Fluo-deltorphin, a highly selective fluorescent deltaOR agonist. This effect was mu-mediated because it was entirely blocked by the selective mu opioid receptor antagonist d-Phe-Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH(2) and was reproduced using the selective mu agonist fentanyl citrate. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed a marked increase in the cell surface density of deltaORs in neurons exposed to morphine, indicating that the increase in Fluo-deltorphin internalization was caused by increased receptor availability. Prolonged morphine exposure had no effect on deltaOR protein levels, as assessed by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting, suggesting that the increase in bioavailable deltaORs was caused by recruitment of reserve receptors from intracellular stores and not from receptor neosynthesis. Complementary in vivo studies demonstrated that chronic treatment of adult rats with morphine (5-15 mg/kg, s.c., every 12 hr) similarly augmented targeting of deltaORs to neuronal plasma membranes in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Furthermore, this treatment markedly potentiated intrathecal d-[Ala(2)]deltorphin II-induced antinociception. Taken together, these results demonstrate that prolonged stimulation of neurons with morphine markedly increases recruitment of intracellular deltaORs to the cell surface, both in vitro and in vivo. We propose that this type of receptor subtype cross-mobilization may widen the transduction repertoire of G-protein-coupled receptors and offer new therapeutic strategies.
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Loijens LW, Schouten WG, Wiepkema PR, Wiegant VM. Brain opioid receptor density relates to stereotypies in chronically stressed pigs. Stress 1999; 3:17-26. [PMID: 19016190 DOI: 10.3109/10253899909001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptor densities were measured in the hippocampus of chronically stressed (tethered) pigs to study the involvement of endogenous opioid systems in stereotypy performance. Three groups of animals were housed tethered for 2 (n=12), 5.5 (n=12) and 8-9 months (n=8), respectively, and the intensity of stereotypy performance was determined. Opioid receptor densities were measured post mortem using membrane binding assays with [(3)H]naloxone as a ligand. A negative correlation was found between the density of opioid receptors and the intensity of stereotypy performance in the animals that had been housed tethered for 2 months. This correlation seemed to disappear with increasing duration of tethered housing. The data further suggest that, associated with the duration of tediered housing, there was a gradual decrease in the density of opioid receptors in the left hippocampal lobe of the low-stereotyping animals, but not in the right lobe, nor in the left and right lobes of the high-stereotypers. This suggests that chronic stress leads to a (asymmetrically expressed) progressive loss of opioid receptors in the hippocampus, and that stereotypies exert a mitigating effect on stress-induced changes in opioid receptor densities, supporting the hypothesis that stereotypies help the animals cope wife the adverse effects of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Loijens
- Ethology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural University Wageningen, The Netherlands. Leanne
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Roth BL, Willins DL, Kroeze WK. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) trafficking in the central nervous system: relevance for drugs of abuse. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998; 51:73-85. [PMID: 9716931 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B L Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4935, USA.
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Kest B, Lee CE, Jenab S, Kao B, Inturrisi CE. Chronic naltrexone differentially affects supraspinal delta-opioid receptor-mediated antinociception. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 345:47-53. [PMID: 9593593 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chronic treatment with naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist, on delta1- and delta2-opioid receptor agonist-induced antinociception and ligand binding were investigated in mice. Antinociception by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) [D-Pen2,5]enkephalin (DPDPE) and [D-Ala2]deltorphin II, agonists selective for delta1- and delta2-opioid receptors, respectively, was blocked following subcutaneous (s.c.) implantation of a naltrexone pellet (7.5 mg) for 7 days. Removal of the naltrexone pellet was followed 24 h later by a decrease of 7.5-fold in the ED50 value of [D-Ala2]deltorphin II, but not that of DPDPE. In a whole brain homogenate the binding of [3H][D-Ala2]deltorphin II was increased twice as much as that of [3H]DPDPE. Chronic naltrexone treatment also produced an 8.6-fold decrease in the ED50 value of i.c.v. administered morphine. The increase in morphine potency was reversed to a control (placebo-treated mice) value by the selective delta2-opioid receptor antagonist, naltriben (25 pmol, i.c.v.). Thus, chronic naltrexone selectively increases delta2-opioid receptor-mediated antinociception, supporting the existence of delta opioid receptor subtypes with distinct adaptive characteristics. The data also indicate that delta2-opioid receptors are critically involved in the expression of morphine supersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kest
- Department of Pharmacology, LC-524, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ. Gene-peptide relationships in the developing rat brain: the response of preproenkephalin mRNA and [Met5]-enkephalin to acute opioid antagonist (naltrexone) exposure. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 33:111-20. [PMID: 8774952 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(95)00119-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
[Met5]-enkephalin, encoded by the preproenkephalin (PPE) gene, serves as a growth factor during brain development in addition to its role as a neurotransmitter. This study examined the relationship of gene and peptide expression in the developing (postnatal day 6) rat brain by disrupting peptide-receptor interaction with either a brief (4-6 h) or continuous opioid receptor blockade using a single injection of 1 or 50 mg/kg naltrexone (NTX), respectively; such perturbations result in growth inhibition or acceleration, respectively. In the caudate putamen, an area that has completed neurogenesis by postnatal day 6 and has an abundance of PPE mRNA and enkephalins in adulthood, NTX did not influence PPE mRNA in either NTX group, or the enkephalin levels in the 1 mg/kg NTX group. [Met5]-enkephalin values in the neostriatum, however, were 67-183% greater than controls in rats given 50 mg/kg NTX, beginning 5 min after drug injection. In the cerebellum, PPE mRNA expression was depressed from 5 min to 4 h in the 1 mg/kg NTX group, and was normal thereafter; mRNA levels in the 50 mg/kg NTX group were markedly subnormal for 24 h. Enkephalin levels were significantly depressed within 5 min of drug injection and remained so for 4 h in the 1 mg/kg NTX group, but were elevated to approximately 135% of control values at 8, 16, and 24 h. Enkephalin levels were not changed in the cerebellum of the 50 mg/kg NTX group, or in the plasma of either NTX group. These data suggest that a single exposure to NTX can affect transcriptional and translational mechanisms related to PPE mRNA and opioid peptide expression in a rapid and sustained manner, and that this treatment elicits a specific pattern of alterations dependent upon the brain region sampled, drug dosage, and/or the duration of opioid receptor blockade. Additionally, our results indicate that the decreased DNA synthesis in external germinal cells occurring after opioid receptor blockade as recorded earlier may be related to an increase in the potent opioid growth factor, [Met5]-enkephalin.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Zagon
- Department of Neuroscience and Anatomy, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey 17033, USA
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Jenab S, Kest B, Inturrisi CE. Assessment of delta opioid antinociception and receptor mRNA levels in mouse after chronic naltrexone treatment. Brain Res 1995; 691:69-75. [PMID: 8590066 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(95)00615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The antinociceptive potency of the delta opioid receptor (DOR) agonist [D-Ala2]Deltorphin II and the levels of DOR mRNA were measured in mice chronically treated with naltrexone. ED50 determinations for [D-Ala2]Deltorphin II, using the tail-flick test with mice that had been treated with naltrexone for 7 days followed by a 24 h naltrexone free period (study day 8), revealed a 7.7-fold increase in antinociceptive potency, indicating functional supersensitivity. Utilization of a micro-dissection technique followed by quantitative solution hybridization measurements of RNA extracts from mouse CNS revealed levels of DOR mRNA ranging from 2.8 pg/microgram RNA in the caudate-putamen to 0.3 pg/microgram RNA in cerebellum. However, despite the functional increase in DOR sensitivity, the DOR mRNA levels in selected brain areas and spinal cord of naltrexone-treated and control mice did not differ. Assessment of DOR mRNA levels in whole brain and selected CNS regions after shorter treatment intervals (1, 6 and 12 h and 2 and 7 days) in naltrexone-treated and control mice revealed a similar pattern of results. Northern blot analysis of mouse whole brain RNA extracts after 7 days of naltrexone treatment did not show any alteration in the size of the DOR transcript. These data demonstrate that DOR mRNA levels are not altered during and after chronic naltrexone treatment and therefore are not associated with opioid-induced DOR up-regulation or DOR functional supersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jenab
- Department of Pharmacology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
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