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Pelmuş M, Raab JG, Patel HH, Colomier C, Foglia R, Kelty SP, Gorun SM. Electronic, molecular, and solid-state structural effects of strong electron withdrawing and donating groups in functionalized fluorophthalonitriles. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Perfluoro phthalonitrile substituted separately with perfluoroalkyl (EWG) and NH2, NHMe, and NMe2 (EDG) groups generate a series of aromatic C-H bonds-free nitriles that can now lose electrons, whose HOMO–LUMO gap is narrowed by EDG beyond the level induced by EWG, and whose dipole moments double. Molecular parameters vary linearly with Hammett’s free-energy constants, their electronic underpinning being uncovered by DFT calculations. The phthalonitriles’ assembling in solid-state structures is determined by forces that transition from van der Waals, in the case of EWG, to H-bonding and/or [Formula: see text]-stacking interactions in the case of EDG, as revealed by their single-crystal X-ray structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Pelmuş
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
- Center For Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Raab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
- Center for Computational Research, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
| | - Hemantbhai H. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
| | - Christopher Colomier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
- Center For Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
| | - Ralph Foglia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
- Center For Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
| | - Stephen P. Kelty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
- Center for Computational Research, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
| | - Sergiu M. Gorun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
- Center For Functional Materials, Seton Hall University, South Orange NJ 07079-2694, USA
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Fedyushin PA, Peshkov RY, Panteleeva EV, Tretyakov EV, Beregovaya IV, Gatilov YV, Shteingarts VD. Purposeful regioselectivity control of the Birch reductive alkylation of biphenyl-4-carbonitrile. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Peshkov RY, Wang C, Panteleeva EV, Tretyakov EV, Shteingarts VD. Synthesis of 4-(ω-X-alkyl)benzonitriles (X = 1,3-dioxan-2-yl, CN, CO2Et) by the reaction of terephthalonitrile dianion with ω-X-alkyl bromides in liquid ammonia. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-016-1602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The use of calculated reorganization energies in experimental electrochemical kinetics. J Solid State Electrochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-013-2163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vonlanthen D, Rudnev A, Mishchenko A, Käslin A, Rotzler J, Neuburger M, Wandlowski T, Mayor M. Conformationally Controlled Electron Delocalization in n‐Type Rods: Synthesis, Structure, and Optical, Electrochemical, and Spectroelectrochemical Properties of Dicyanocyclophanes. Chemistry 2011; 17:7236-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Vonlanthen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns‐Ring 19, 4056 Basel (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 61‐267‐10‐06
| | - Alexander Rudnev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 31‐631‐3994
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, 119991 Moscow (Russia)
| | - Artem Mishchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 31‐631‐3994
| | - Alexander Käslin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns‐Ring 19, 4056 Basel (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 61‐267‐10‐06
| | - Jürgen Rotzler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns‐Ring 19, 4056 Basel (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 61‐267‐10‐06
| | - Markus Neuburger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns‐Ring 19, 4056 Basel (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 61‐267‐10‐06
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 31‐631‐3994
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns‐Ring 19, 4056 Basel (Switzerland), Fax: (+41) 61‐267‐10‐06
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. BOX 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe (Germany), Fax: (+49) 724‐82‐56‐85
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Vaganova TA, Panteleeva EV, Shteingarts VD. Reductive activation of arenecarbonitriles for the reactions with some carbon-centered electrophiles: the reaction mechanisms and synthetic applications. Russ Chem Bull 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-008-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Panteleeva EV, Shchegoleva LN, Vysotsky VP, Pokrovsky LM, Shteingarts VD. Cyanophenylation of Aromatic Nitriles by Terephthalonitrile Dianion: Is the Charge-Transfer Complex a Key Intermediate? European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Houmam A, Hamed EM, Still IWJ. A unique autocatalytic process and evidence for a concerted-stepwise mechanism transition in the dissociative electron-transfer reduction of aryl thiocyanates. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:7258-65. [PMID: 12797799 DOI: 10.1021/ja028542z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of p-methyl-, p-methoxy-, and 3,5-dinitrophenyl thiocyanates as well as p-methyl- and p-methoxyphenyl disulfides was investigated in acetonitrile at an inert electrode. This series of compounds reveals a striking change in the reductive cleavage mechanism of the S-CN bond in thiocyanates as a function of the substituent on the aryl ring of the aryl thiocyanate. With nitro substituents, a stepwise mechanism, with an anion radical as the intermediate, takes place. When electron-donating groups (methyl and methoxy) are present, voltammetric as well as convolution analyses provide clear evidence for a transition between the concerted and stepwise mechanisms based on the magnitude of the transfer coefficient alpha. Moreover, a very interesting autocatalytic process is involved during the electrochemical reduction of these compounds. This process involves a nucleophilic substitution reaction on the initial aryl thiocyanate by the electrochemically generated arenethiolate ion. As a result of this unusual process, the electrochemical characteristics (peak potential and peak width) of the investigated series are concentration dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Houmam
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Panteleeva EV, Vaganova TA, Shteingarts VD, Bilkis II. Evidence for the transition from SN to ET mechanism in the reaction of arene radical anion with alkyl halide evoked by the introduction of an electron withdrawing substituent into radical anion. Tetrahedron Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01685-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Waller AM, Compton RG. Chapter 7 In-Situ Electrochemical ESR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0069-8040(08)70322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Andrieux CP, Gelis L, Saveant JM. Unusual reactions resulting from the addition on olefins of trifluoromethyl radicals obtained from dissociative electron transfer between electrochemically generated aromatic anion radicals and trifluoromethyl bromide. Tetrahedron Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)80554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yildiz A, Sertel M, Gambert R, Baumgärtel H. On the stabilities of the anion radicals, dianons and dimerdianions of benzenedicarbonitriles. Electrochim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(88)80052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gennaro A, Maye A, Maran F, Vianello E. Comment on the electroreduction mechanism of benzenedicarbonitriles. Electrochim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(88)80051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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