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Kumar J, Hapidin H, Get Bee YT, Ismail Z. The effects of acute ethanol administration on ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like syndrome in rats: A biochemical study. Alcohol 2016; 50:9-17. [PMID: 26626323 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Withdrawal from long-term ethanol consumption results in overexcitation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the amygdala, which induces an anxiety-like syndrome. Most alcoholics that suffer from such symptoms frequently depend on habitual drinking as self-medication to alleviate their symptoms. Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5) and protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon have been reported to mediate acute and chronic effects of ethanol. This study explores the changes in mGlu5 and PKC epsilon in the amygdala following acute administration of ethanol during ethanol withdrawal (EW) induced anxiety. Male Wistar rats were fed a modified liquid diet containing low-fat cow milk, sucrose, and maltodextrin, with a gradual introduction of 2.4%, 4.8% and 7.2% ethanol for 20 days. Six hours into EW, the rats were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline and ethanol (2.5 g/kg, 20% v/v), and exposed to open-field and elevated plus maze tests. Then, amygdala tissue was dissected from the rat brain for Western blot and gene expression studies. EW-induced anxiety was accompanied by a significant increase in mGlu5, total PKC epsilon, and phosphorylated PKC epsilon protein levels, and also of mRNA of mGlu5 (GRM5) in the amygdala. Acute administration of ethanol significantly attenuated EW-induced anxiety as well as an EW-induced increase in GRM5. The acute challenge of ethanol to EW rats had little effect on the phosphorylated and total protein levels of PKC epsilon in the amygdala. Our results demonstrate that amygdala PKC epsilon may not be directly involved in the development of anxiety following EW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Pre-Clinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Hermizi Hapidin
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne-Tee Get Bee
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zalina Ismail
- BRAINetwork Centre for Neurocognitive Science, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Citraro R, Leo A, Aiello R, Pugliese M, Russo E, De Sarro G. Comparative analysis of the treatment of chronic antipsychotic drugs on epileptic susceptibility in genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:250-62. [PMID: 25404052 PMCID: PMC4322085 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APs) are of great benefit in several psychiatric disorders, but they can be associated with various adverse effects, including seizures. To investigate the effects of chronic antipsychotic treatment on seizure susceptibility in genetically epilepsy-prone rats, some APs were administered for 7 weeks, and seizure susceptibility (audiogenic seizures) was evaluated once a week during treatment and for 5 weeks after drug withdrawal. Furthermore, acute and subchronic (5-day treatment) effects were also measured. Rats received haloperidol (0.2-1.0 mg/kg), clozapine (1-5 mg/kg), risperidone (0.03-0.50 mg/kg), quetiapine (2-10 mg/kg), aripriprazole (0.2-1.0 mg/kg), and olanzapine (0.13-0.66 mg/kg), and tested according to treatment duration. Acute administration of APs had no effect on seizures, whereas, after regular treatment, aripiprazole reduced seizure severity; haloperidol had no effects and all other APs increased seizure severity. In chronically treated rats, clozapine showed the most marked proconvulsant effects, followed by risperidone and olanzapine. Quetiapine and haloperidol had only modest effects, and aripiprazole was anticonvulsant. Finally, the proconvulsant effects lasted at least 2-3 weeks after treatment suspension; for aripiprazole, a proconvulsant rebound effect was observed. Taken together, these results indicate and confirm that APs might have the potential to increase the severity of audiogenic seizures but that aripiprazole may exert anticonvulsant effects. The use of APs in patients, particularly in patients with epilepsy, should be monitored for seizure occurrence, including during the time after cessation of therapy. Further studies will determine whether aripiprazole really has a potential as an anticonvulsant drug and might also be clinically relevant for epileptic patients with psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Citraro
- />Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa – Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- />Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa – Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rossana Aiello
- />Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa – Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michela Pugliese
- />Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- />Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa – Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- />Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa – Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Uzbay TI. Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and Ethanol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Review. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 47:33-41. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agr142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Celikyurt IK, Kayir H, Ulak G, Erden FB, Ulusoy GK, Uzbay TI. Effects of risperidone, quetiapine and ziprasidone on ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:528-36. [PMID: 21168466 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Comorbid substance use in schizophrenic patients is common, and substance dependence is a predictive factor for psychosis. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of risperidone, quetiapine and ziprasidone, atypical antipsychotic drugs, on ethanol withdrawal syndrome (EWS) in rats. Adult male Wistar rats were used in the study. Ethanol (7.2%, v/v) was given to rats via a liquid diet for 21 days. An isocaloric liquid diet without ethanol was given to control rats. Risperidone (1 and 2 mg/kg), quetiapine (8 and 16 mg/kg), ziprasidone (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) and vehicle were injected into rats intraperitoneally at 1.5 and 5.5 h of ethanol withdrawal. At the 2nd, 4th and 6th hours of ethanol withdrawal, rats were observed for 5 min, and withdrawal signs that included locomotor hyperactivity, stereotyped behaviors, abnormal gait and posture, tail stiffness and agitation were recorded or rated. Following the observations at the 6th hour, the rats were tested for audiogenic seizures. All three drugs had some significant inhibitory effects on EWS-induced behavioral signs beginning at the 2nd hour of withdrawal. The drugs also significantly reduced the incidence of audiogenic seizures. Overall, risperidone and quetiapine seemed to be more effective than ziprasidone in ameliorating the withdrawal signs. Doses of the drugs used in the present study did not produce any significant changes in locomotor activities of naïve rats. Our results suggest that risperidone, quetiapine and ziprasidone had beneficial effects on EWS in rats. Thus, these drugs may be helpful for controlling withdrawal signs in ethanol-dependent patients.
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Sağlam E, Uzbay IT, Kayir H, Celik T, Beyazyürek M. Effects of venlafaxine on ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004; 18:693-8. [PMID: 15548241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2004.00281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of venlafaxine, a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), on ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Adult male Wistar rats (187-319 g) were used for the study. Ethanol (7.2%, v/v) was given to rats by a liquid diet for 21 days. Control rats were pair-fed an isocaloric liquid diet containing sucrose as a caloric substitute to ethanol. Venlafaxine (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) and saline were injected to rats intraperitoneally just before ethanol withdrawal. After the 2nd, 4th and 6th hour of ethanol withdrawal, rats were observed for 5 min, and withdrawal signs that included locomotor hyperactivity, agitation, stereotyped behaviour and wet dog shakes were recorded or rated. A second series of injections was given at the 6th hour after the first one, and rats were then tested for audiogenic seizures. Venlafaxine produced some inhibitory effects on locomotor hyperactivity, stereotypic behaviours and wet dog shakes. However, a two-way anova of the data did not indicate any significant effect. It reduced the incidence of the audiogenic seizures at the 6th hour of ethanol withdrawal. Venlafaxine (20 mg/kg) also prolonged the latency of the seizures significantly. Our results suggest that acute venlafaxine treatment has limited beneficial effects on ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Sağlam
- Department of Pharmacology, Maltepe University 81530, Istanbul, Turkey
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Uzbay IT, Celik T, Aydin A, Kayir H, Tokgöz S, Bilgi C. Effects of chronic ethanol administration and ethanol withdrawal on cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) levels in the rat brain. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 74:55-9. [PMID: 15072807 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2003] [Revised: 11/08/2003] [Accepted: 11/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study is to investigate the possible effects of chronic ethanol consumption and ethanol withdrawal on cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) levels in cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus of rat brain. Ethanol was given to female Wistar rats (225-270g) by a liquid diet for 21 days. cGMP levels were measured in respective brain regions using an EIA kit at 7th, 14th and 21st days of ethanol ingestion and at 6th and 24th h of ethanol withdrawal. cGMP levels in cortex, striatum and hippocampus but not hypothalamus were found significantly increased at 14th and 21st days of ethanol consumption. The most prominent increase was observed in striatal tissues (approximately 350%). cGMP levels of striatum and hippocampus were still remaining significantly high at 6th h of ethanol withdrawal. Blood ethanol levels were found as 115.60, 50.0 and 7.0mg/dl just before and after 6 and 24h of ethanol withdrawal, respectively and audiogenic seizures also occurred at 6th h of ethanol withdrawal with an incidence of 75% in individual parallel groups. Our results suggest that changes of cGMP levels in cerebral cortex, striatum and hippocampus might participate in the mechanism of ethanol dependence and withdrawal in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tayfun Uzbay
- Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik 06018 Ankara, Turkey.
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Abstract
The free-radical gas nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in a diverse range of physiological processes. It is synthesized from the precursor L-arginine by the enzyme NO synthase (NOS), which transforms L-arginine into NO and citrulline. This synthetic pathway exists in the central nervous system (CNS), and NO appears to be a messenger molecule in the CNS, fulfilling most of the criteria of a neurotransmitter. Recent studies indicate that NO may play an important role in dependence on drugs of abuse. The purpose of this review is to address the role of NO in dependence on substances such as opioids, ethanol, psychostimulants and nicotine. Inhibitors of NOS modulate withdrawal from opioids and ethanol, diminishing many signs of withdrawal. In addition, NOS inhibitors suppress signs of withdrawal from nicotine. These data suggest that NO may be involved in the expression of withdrawal signs, and they leave open the possibility that NO may mediate the development of many of these signs. Although preliminary, data to date suggest that glutamate neurotransmission may be related to these beneficial effects of NOS inhibitors on signs of withdrawal. Emerging data further suggest that NO may have a general role in the dependence potential of various classes of drugs of abuse. Thus, modulation of NO systems may be a potential therapeutic target for treatment of substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Tayfun Uzbay
- Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Etlik 06018, Ankara, Turkey.
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Uzbay IT, Usanmaz SE, Tapanyigit EE, Aynacioglu S, Akarsu ES. Dopaminergic and serotonergic alterations in the rat brain during ethanol withdrawal: association with behavioral signs. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998; 53:39-47. [PMID: 10933339 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(98)00102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Changes in dopaminergic and serotonergic levels and metabolites in cerebral cortex, corpus striatum and hippocampus were investigated during the first 6-h of withdrawal in ethanol-dependent Wistar rats. Ethanol was given by a liquid diet for 21 days. The concentration of ethanol was 7.2% (v/v) for the last 15 days of the exposure. After 2, 4 and 6 h of ethanol withdrawal, and after audiogenic stimulus (100 dB for 60 s) at 6 h of ethanol withdrawal, various brain regions were assayed for levels of dopamine (DA), DOPAC, HVA, serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HIAA. Behavioral signs of ethanol withdrawal and blood ethanol levels were also evaluated in other parallel groups of ethanol-dependent rats. Significant decreases in 5-HT levels and significant increases in HVA levels in striatum were found during the first 6 h of ethanol withdrawal and after the audiogenic seizures. In hippocampus, 5-HIAA levels were significantly reduced after 2 h of ethanol withdrawal and after the audiogenic seizures. 5-HIAA levels significantly increased after 2 h of ethanol withdrawal in cerebral cortex. Significant increases in both DA and 5-HT levels were also found in cerebral cortex after the audiogenic seizures. The results suggest that the levels of DA, 5-HT and their metabolites are altered by ethanol withdrawal. Furthermore, this may suggest that DA and 5-HT may be involved in the first 6 h of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Uzbay
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey.
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Gili-Martín E, Fernández-Briera A, Calvo P. Effects of chronic ethanol treatment and ethanol withdrawal on [3H]SCH23390 binding to rat striatal membranes. Neuropharmacology 1997; 36:101-6. [PMID: 9144646 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(96)00159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chronic ethanol administration and ethanol withdrawal on the kinetic and pharmacological properties of [3H]SCH23390 binding sites and the labelling of central dopamine D-1 receptors were studied in the striatum of the rat. Chronic 40 day ethanol treatment produced a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05) in maximum binding (Bmax) on striatal dopamine D-1 receptors of the rat, KD remaining unaltered. The withdrawal of ethanol did not affect the kinetic binding parameters. The rank order of potency in displacing the specific [3H]SCH23390 binding of several dopamine antagonists, agonists and serotonin-related drugs was consistent with the pharmacological profile of dopamine D-1 receptors. Chronic ethanol treatment led to a statistically significant increase in receptor affinity (lower Ki than controls) for (+)-butaclamol (p < 0.05). Ethanol withdrawal for 24 hr increased the affinity of [3H]SCH23390-labeled binding sites for norepinephrine. The addition of 0.03-0.68 M ethanol in vitro had no significant effects on [3H]SCH23390 binding in striatal preparations taken from both control and ethanol-treated rats. The results show that rat striatal [3H]SCH23390-labelled binding sites are affected by different conditions of ethanol exposure, possibly suggesting the medication of striatal dopamine pathways in the responses to ethanol intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gili-Martín
- Department of Fundamental Biology, University of Vigo, Spain
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Uzbay IT, Akarsu ES, Kayaalp SO. Effects of bromocriptine and haloperidol on ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994; 49:969-74. [PMID: 7886115 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(94)90251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects of bromocriptine and haloperidol, either alone or in combination, on ethanol withdrawal syndrome (EWS) have been investigated in rats. Bromocriptine (5 mg/kg 1P) inhibited wet dog shakes behavior and catatonia but potentiated the intensity of abnormal gait. The latency of the audiogenic seizures was prolonged by bromocriptine treatment. Haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg SC) decreased the intensity of stereotyped behavior but potentiated catatonia and agitation. It did not antagonize the behaviors induced by bromocriptine when injected in combination except the increased latency of the audiogenic seizures. The total intensity score of the EWS was not significantly different from that in untreated control. The results suggest that brain dopaminergic system may be involved to a limited extent in mediating the EWS in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- I T Uzbay
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gülhane Military Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey
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Belyaev NA, Kolesanova EF, Stanishevskaya AV, Krzascik P, Kostowski W. Effect of naloxone on ethanol-induced membrane-bound enkephalin convertase activation in the rat mesencephalon and hypothalamus. Bull Exp Biol Med 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00800077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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