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Developmental ecdysteroid titers and DNA puffs in larvae of two sciarid species, Rhynchosciara americana and Rhynchosciara milleri (Diptera: Sciaridae). Genetica 2015; 143:597-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-015-9859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Santelli RV, Siviero F, Machado-Santelli GM, Lara FJS, Stocker AJ. Molecular characterization of the B-2 DNA puff gene of Rhynchosciara americana. Chromosoma 2004; 113:167-76. [PMID: 15375665 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-004-0304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Revised: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have sequenced a 2.5-kb DNA fragment of the B-2 DNA puff from the sciarid Rhynchosciara americana and have defined its transcription unit. This puff is active during the formation of the communal cocoon, which is important for successful metamorphosis of this species and coincides with the final cycle of polytenization in its salivary glands. The B-2 polypeptide, together with the products of two other previously characterized DNA puffs, seems to be engaged in an interaction that results in a gradual modification and hardening of the cocoon structure. The B-2 messenger is temporally regulated in apparent coordination with the other puff products. The predicted polypeptide has characteristics similar to polypeptides from previously sequenced DNA puff genes, in particular those from the R. americana C-8 gene and the Bradysia hygida C-4 gene. The cloned sequence of the B-2 puff is differentially amplified in the three gland regions examined, achieving its highest amplification level of approximately fourfold (two extra cycles) in the anterior segment of the gland. The C-3 DNA puff sequence was also found to be differentially amplified in the different gland regions. Implications of the widespread presence of DNA amplification as a form of gene regulation in the Sciaridae are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vicente Santelli
- Depto. Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, Av Prof Lineu Prestes, 748, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil
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Stocker AJ, Gorab E. The chromosomes of Rhynchosciara baschanti (Diptera: Sciaridae): molecular cytogenetic comparisons with taxa in the americana-like group. Genome 2000; 43:786-95. [PMID: 11081968 DOI: 10.1139/g00-041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polytene chromosome analysis is presented for Rhynchosciara baschanti, a species belonging to the americana-like group of Rhynchosciara. R. baschanti chromosomes show morphological differences in centromeric and telomeric regions compared to two other members within the group, R. americana and R. hollaenderi. In addition, fixed band and autosomal inversion differences were noted. Physical mapping data showed synteny among the taxa under study for DNA puffs and single-copy or histone gene probes, whereas rDNA and poly-(r)A probes showed different diagnostic patterns. The activity of developmentally active genes and the pattern of thymidine incorporation into DNA puff sites of R. baschanti are consistent with those found in the two previously studied species, except for lower levels of expression at some of these sites. These results suggest that differential duplication of specific DNA sequences, in particular repetitive and homopolymeric DNA, has played a role in the chromosomal evolution of these Rhynchosciara species. Inversions and band dimorphisms have also occurred, but the processes leading to their maintenance and fixation appear to have been slow, since these three species are in general chromosomally monomorphic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Stocker
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Zhimulev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Penalva LO, Yokosawa J, Stocker AJ, Soares MA, Graessmann M, Orlando TC, Winter CE, Botella LM, Graessmann A, Lara FJ. Molecular characterization of the C-3 DNA puff gene of Rhynchosciara americana. Gene X 1997; 193:163-72. [PMID: 9256073 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00104-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have mapped a region of about 33 kb which includes the transcription unit of the C-3 DNA puff gene of Rhynchosciara americana. The C-3 TU and a region extending approximately 800 bp upstream of the C-3 promoter were characterized. The TU is composed of three exons and produces a 1.1-kb mRNA whose level in salivary glands increases with the expansion of the C-3 puff. The C-3 messenger appears to undergo rapid deadenylation resulting in an RNA of about 0.95 kb which can still be observed in gland cells 15 h after the puff has regressed. The 1.1-kb mRNA codes for a 32.4-kDa, predominantly alpha-helical polypeptide with three conserved parallel coiled-coil stretches. The aa composition and structure of this polypeptide suggests that it is secreted and contributes to the formation of the cocoon in which the larvae pupate. The region upstream of the promoter contains several A-rich sequences with similarity to the ACS of yeast which might have a role in the initiation of replication/amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Penalva
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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de-Almeida JC. A 28-fold increase in secretory protein synthesis is associated with DNA puff activity in the salivary gland of Bradysia hygida (Diptera, Sciaridae). Braz J Med Biol Res 1997; 30:605-14. [PMID: 9283627 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x1997000500006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
When the first group of DNA puffs is active in the salivary gland regions S1 and S3 of Bradysia hygida larvae, there is a large increase in the production and secretion of new salivary proteins demonstrable by [3H]-Leu incorporation. The present study shows that protein separation by SDS-PAGE and detection by fluorography demonstrated that these polypeptides range in molecular mass from about 23 to 100 kDa. Furthermore, these proteins were synthesized mainly in the S1 and S3 salivary gland regions where the DNA puffs C7, C5, C4 and B10 are conspicuous, while in the S2 region protein synthesis was very low. Others have shown that the extent of amplification for DNA sequences that code for mRNA in the DNA puffs C4 and B10 was about 22 and 10 times, respectively. The present data for this group of DNA puffs are consistent with the proposition that gene amplification is necessary to provide some cells with additional gene copies for the production of massive amounts of proteins within a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C de-Almeida
- Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Monesi N, Fernandez MA, Fontes AM, Basso LR, Nakanishi Y, Baron B, Buttin G, Paçó-Larson ML. Molecular characterization of an 18 kb segment of DNA puff C4 of Bradysia hygida (Diptera, sciaridae). Chromosoma 1995; 103:715-24. [PMID: 7664619 DOI: 10.1007/bf00344233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The data presented here are an extension of the molecular characterization of DNA puff C4 of Bradysia hygida. A cDNA related to a gene amplified in this puff and expressed when puff C4 expands was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the amino acid sequence deduced from the open reading frame present in the cDNA indicate that the encoded protein is secreted and comprises mostly alpha-helical coiled-coil. An 18 kb genomic segment containing the transcription unit of this gene was also cloned and the structure and expression of the 1.4 kb mRNA was determined. Quantitative slot blot hybridization of DNA complementary to the transcription unit shows that this gene is amplified about 21 times in the salivary gland, confirming data previously obtained. Fragments upstream of the 5' end, and beyond the 3' end, of the gene transcription unit were also analysed and shown to be amplified at least eight and five times, respectively. Based on these data we discuss how amplification could occur at DNA puffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Monesi
- Departamento de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
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Santelli RV, Machado-Santelli GM, Pueyo MT, Navarro-Cattapan LD, Lara FJ. Replication and transcription in the course of DNA amplification of the C3 and C8 DNA puffs of Rhynchosciara americana. Mech Dev 1991; 36:59-66. [PMID: 1782140 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4773(91)90072-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The synchronous development of a sibling group of Rhynchosciara larvae enables us to follow the relationship between the local transcription and extrareplication of C3 and C8 DNA puffs. Although DNA amplification at these two loci takes place during the last cycle of DNA duplication in salivary gland chromosomes, a different timing of puff expression was observed for the two regions analysed. C3 puff transcription is a late event in relation to the C8 counterpart. We present evidence that this might be a consequence of the different firing of DNA amplification in both loci. No signs of DNA rearrangements were detected with probes that extend the previously analysed regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Santelli
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Villarreal LP. Relationship of eukaryotic DNA replication to committed gene expression: general theory for gene control. Microbiol Rev 1991; 55:512-42. [PMID: 1943999 PMCID: PMC372832 DOI: 10.1128/mr.55.3.512-542.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The historic arguments for the participation of eukaryotic DNA replication in the control of gene expression are reconsidered along with more recent evidence. An earlier view in which gene commitment was achieved with stable chromatin structures which required DNA replication to reset expression potential (D. D. Brown, Cell 37:359-365, 1984) is further considered. The participation of nonspecific stable repressor of gene activity (histones and other chromatin proteins), as previously proposed, is reexamined. The possible function of positive trans-acting factors is now further developed by considering evidence from DNA virus models. It is proposed that these positive factors act to control the initiation of replicon-specific DNA synthesis in the S phase (early or late replication timing). Stable chromatin assembles during replication into potentially active (early S) or inactive (late S) states with prevailing trans-acting factors (early) or repressing factors (late) and may asymmetrically commit daughter templates. This suggests logical schemes for programming differentiation based on replicons and trans-acting initiators. This proposal requires that DNA replication precede major changes in gene commitment. Prior evidence against a role for DNA replication during terminal differentiation is reexamined along with other results from terminal differentiation of lower eukaryotes. This leads to a proposal that DNA replication may yet underlie terminal gene commitment, but that for it to do so there must exist two distinct modes of replication control. In one mode (mitotic replication) replicon initiation is tightly linked to the cell cycle, whereas the other mode (terminal replication) initiation is not cell cycle restricted, is replicon specific, and can lead to a terminally differentiated state. Aberrant control of mitotic and terminal modes of DNA replication may underlie the transformed state. Implications of a replicon basis for chromatin structure-function and the evolution of metazoan organisms are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Villarreal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92717
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Abstract
The chorion genes of Drosophila are amplified in response to developmental signals in the follicle cells of the ovary prior to their transcription. Their expression is regulated both temporally and spatially within this tissue. They thus serve as models both for the regulation of DNA replication and of developmental transcription. The regulatory elements for DNA amplification have been delineated. Their analysis reveals that amplification is mediated by several regulatory regions and initiates at defined origins within the chorion cluster. Proteins involved in amplification are being identified both by mutations affecting amplification and by DNA binding studies. Regulatory elements for temporal as well as spatial control of chorion gene expression have been characterized, and two candidate transcription factor genes have been cloned.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Orr-Weaver
- Whitehead Institute, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge 02142
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Abstract
A cDNA clone, pSDII/9, that hybridizes in situ to ecdysone-regulated DNA puff II/9A in Sciara coprophila was used as a probe to isolate a Sciara genomic clone. lambda pSDII/9, which contains a 14.7 x 10(3) base-pair DNA insert. The full-length cDNA insert was sequenced and mapped to gene II/9-1 on the genomic clone. A second gene (II/9-2), transcribed in the same direction as II/9-1, was also mapped to lambda pSDII/9, and its nucleic acid sequence was found to be 85% similar to that of gene II/9-1. An RNase protection assay demonstrates that gene II/9-1 contains a single intron that also exists in gene II/9-2 according to sequencing analysis and primer extensions of RNA encoded by this gene. Computer analyses of the deduced amino acid sequences of genes II/9-1 and II/9-2 indicate that the two DNA puff-encoded proteins are mostly alpha-helical coiled-coils. The 5'-flanking sequences of both genes contain regions that are similar to other ecdysone-regulated genes from Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M DiBartolomeis
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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Suzuki Y, Iino T. Ars region TL-DNA on octopine type Ti plasmids. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1989; 218:284-8. [PMID: 2674656 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the TL-DNA region of the octopine type Ti plasmids, an ars region was assigned as the DNA segment conferring the replicational ability to YIp5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. T-DNA: YIp5 hybrid plasmids containing a particular T-DNA region could transform yeast cells at a frequency of 10(3)-10(4) transformants per microgram plasmid DNA and they were rescued in Escherichia coli, although the transformed phenotype was mitotically unstable. The instability was inferred to be caused by segregation of the plasmids due to their low efficiency of replication. The ars region was mapped on the noncoding region between the coding regions corresponding to no. 5 and no. 7 mRNA, and its minimal length determined in this experiment was about 150 bp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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