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Affiliation(s)
- K H Schram
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson
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2
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Oda Y, Ohe H, Asakawa N, Yoshida Y, Sato T, Nakagawa T. Resolution of 1-Benzyl-4-[(5, 6-dimethoxy-1-indanon)-2-yl] Methylpiperidine Hydrochloride Enantiomers in Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Direct Injection Into Avidin-Conjugated Column. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079208016366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiya Oda
- a Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , Tsukuba Research Laboratories Eisai Co., Ltd. , Tokodai 5-1-3, Tsukuba Ibaraki , 300-26 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohe
- a Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , Tsukuba Research Laboratories Eisai Co., Ltd. , Tokodai 5-1-3, Tsukuba Ibaraki , 300-26 , Japan
| | - Naoki Asakawa
- a Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , Tsukuba Research Laboratories Eisai Co., Ltd. , Tokodai 5-1-3, Tsukuba Ibaraki , 300-26 , Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- a Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , Tsukuba Research Laboratories Eisai Co., Ltd. , Tokodai 5-1-3, Tsukuba Ibaraki , 300-26 , Japan
| | - Tadashi Sato
- a Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry , Tsukuba Research Laboratories Eisai Co., Ltd. , Tokodai 5-1-3, Tsukuba Ibaraki , 300-26 , Japan
| | - Terumichi Nakagawa
- b Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Kyoto University , Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto , 606 , Japan
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3
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Stancato FA, Srinivas NR, Knupp CA. Effect of temperature on the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of the anti-HIV agents, didanosine and stavudine. Biomed Chromatogr 1996; 10:29-31. [PMID: 8821868 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0801(199601)10:1<29::aid-bmc543>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper examines the effect of temperature on the chromatographic separation characteristics of anti-HIV agents, didanosine and stavudine. As a result of lowering the column temperature, an improved resolution between didanosine and stavudine peaks is observed. Thus, lower temperatures may permit the simultaneous monitoring of didanosine and stavudine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Stancato
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
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4
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Reddy DM, Iden CR. Analysis of Modified Deoxynucleosides by Electrospray Ionization Mass SPECTROMETRY. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319308018552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Franssen RM, Meenhorst PL, Koks CH, Beijnen JH. Didanosine, a new antiretroviral drug. A review. PHARMACEUTISCH WEEKBLAD. SCIENTIFIC EDITION 1992; 14:297-304. [PMID: 1437513 DOI: 10.1007/bf01977617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this article the literature about didanosine, an antiretroviral drug, is reviewed. The mechanism of action, biochemical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical results of phase-I trials are discussed. Serious adverse effects such as pancreatitis and peripheral neuropathy have occurred in these trials. An antiretroviral effect was observed in terms of an increase in CD4+ lymphocytes and a decrease in p24 antigen levels in HIV-infected individuals. Didanosine seems to be a promising drug against HIV infection, but knowledge about its clinical efficacy is scanty.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Franssen
- Department of Pharmacy, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Singhal RP, Hughbanks D, Xian J. Separation of dideoxyribonucleosides in trace amounts by automated liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1992; 609:147-61. [PMID: 1430040 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)80158-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
No satisfactory high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is currently available for the separation of the major dideoxyribonucleosides (ddNs) and their derivatives. A method involving HPLC has been developed for the separation of five major ddNs [ddA, ddC, ddI, azT and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine (d4T)]. Elution of the common and modified components of DNA was also examined under the selected separation conditions of HPLC. The elution characteristics of these compounds were studied using serum plasma samples spiked with ddN derivatives. In addition, capillary electrophoresis (CE) was investigated for the separation of ddNs and their derivatives. Picomolar amounts of the five major ddNs and the metabolic product of azT [5'-O-glucuronide-3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (Glo-azT)] were satisfactorily resolved in 10 min by using a modification of CE. The spectral properties of the ddNs were characterized under different pH conditions and compared with those of their parent deoxyribonucleosides (dNs) because these compounds are commonly measured in HPLC by their spectral properties. The spectra of ddC and ddT derivatives resemble very closely those of dC and dT, but those of ddA and ddI differ to some extent from their parent dNs. The HPLC method was extensively examined for satisfactory resolutions of these compounds. For example, an isocratic elution method, although simple, failed to resolve these compounds and ion-pair chromatography did not offer any advantage. Gradient elution involving buffered solutions and increasing amounts of an organic modifier yielded satisfactory results. Methanol appeared to be the organic modifier of choice. A reversed-phase matrix with smaller than octadecyl alkyl chains did not produce the necessary interactions. Uniform spherical beads of smaller diameter produced superior resolutions. The separation of these compounds on three commercially available columns is discussed. The separation of human plasma samples spiked with dideoxynucleoside derivatives by HPLC was accomplished in ca. 16 min. The presence of the dNs did not interfere in their separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Singhal
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67208
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Jajoo HK, Bennett SM, Kornhauser DM. Thermospray liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of anti-AIDS nucleosides: quantification of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine in plasma samples. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1992; 577:299-304. [PMID: 1328268 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80251-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was investigated as a method for quantification of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (DDC) from human plasma. A stable isotope analog of DDC ([15N2,2H2]DDC) was used as an internal standard. Selected ion monitoring of the protonated molecular ions for DDC and the internal standard was used to record mass chromatograms. The areas of the peaks in the mass chromatograms were used for quantification. The detection limit of DDC in this assay was 50 pg on-column. The calibration curve was linear over the desired range, 0.25-20 ng/ml. The major advantages of this assay over others are: no derivatization, high sensitivity, high specificity and short assay time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Jajoo
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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8
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Chapman DE, Powis G. Disposition and metabolism in mice of the potential antitumor and anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 agent, 2-chloro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1991; 27:285-9. [PMID: 1998984 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure was developed to examine the preclinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of 2-chloro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (ClddAd). The HPLC assay for ClddAd in human plasma was linear from 0.25 to 500 micrograms ClddAd/ml. Coefficients of variation for the measurement of ClddAd in human plasma were 9.7%, 4.1%, and 2.7% at 2.5, 25, and 250 micrograms/ml, respectively. Binding of ClddAd to human and mouse plasma proteins was determined by filtration to be 26.9% and 34.4%, respectively. ClddAd concentrations decreased by less than 5% when ClddAd was stored for 126 h at 37 degrees C in 0.9% NaCl or 0.1 M NaH2PO4 (pH 7.4) or when ClddAd was stored for 24 h at 37 degrees C in citrate-buffered human blood or plasma. Estimates of the lethal dose for 50% (LD50) and 10% (LD10) of male CD2F1 mice that received a single i.v. dose of ClddAd were 27 and 24 mg/kg, respectively. Elimination of a 24-mg/kg i.v. bolus dose of ClddAd from mouse plasma was biphasic, with half-lives of 0.73 and 14.7 min. The apparent volume of distribution of ClddAd was 215 ml/kg and the total body clearance was 20 ml min-1 kg-1. No ClddAd metabolites were detected in mouse plasma after in vivo exposure or in human whole blood or plasma after in vitro incubation. ClddAd was detected in the urine of mice within 2 min after exposure, and the total urinary excretion of unchanged ClddAd for 24 h after exposure to 24 mg/kg was 3.4% of the delivered dose. At least two possible ClddAd metabolites were detected in mouse urine; they did not co-elute with 2-chloro-2',3'-dideoxyinosine,2-chloradenine, or 2-chlorohypoxanthine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Clinic & Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905
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Knupp CA, Stancato FA, Papp EA, Barbhaiya RH. Quantitation of didanosine in human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 533:282-90. [PMID: 2127936 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Knupp
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Syracuse, NY 13221
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10
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Riley CM, Ault JM, Klutman NE. Chromatographic methods for the bioanalysis of antiviral agents. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1990; 531:295-368. [PMID: 2258420 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present review has concentrated on chromatographic techniques for the quantitative determination of antiviral drugs in biological samples. Special attention has been paid to the elements of chromatographic assays that are essential to ensure selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision of the various methods. Wherever possible, attempts have been made to determine the suitability of the methods for application to investigations in pharmacokinetics in man and experimental animals, biopharmaceutics, therapeutic drug monitoring, metabolism and pharmacology. Because of the serious consequences of infection from material contaminated with viruses, special consideration has been given to the handling of contaminated samples. It was convenient to divide the antiviral drugs for the purpose of this review into two groups, the nucleoside and the non-nucleoside antiviral drugs. The nucleosides discussed are vidarabine, cytarabine, ribavirin, riboxamide, acyclovir, ganciclovir, desciclovir, carbovir, 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, zidovudine, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine, idoxuridine, 5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, 2'-fluoro-5-iodoaracytidine and 5-iodo-2'-deoxycytidine. The non-nucleoside antiviral drugs discussed are arildone, amantidine, rimantidine, moroxydine, enviroxime, foscarnet and ampligen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Riley
- Center for BioAnalytical Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66046
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Tomer KB, Parker CE. Biochemical applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 492:189-221. [PMID: 2670991 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current state-of-the-art liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is reviewed with particular attention to biomedical applications. The most common LC-MS interface designs are described and compared. These interfaces include transport, direct liquid introduction, thermospray, atmospheric pressure ionization, monodisperse aerosol generation, open-tubular LC and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment. The relative sensitivities of the techniques are compared as much as possible, as well as their tendencies to induce thermal decomposition of the sample. Applications of these various interface types to a variety of biomedically important compound classes, including peptides, nucleotides, steroids, lipids, carbohydrates, xenobiotic metabolites and drugs, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Tomer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Musser SM, Pan SS, Callery PS. Liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry of DNA adducts formed with mitomycin C, porfiromycin and thiotepa. J Chromatogr A 1989; 474:197-207. [PMID: 2504760 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thermospray mass spectrometry were combined for the analysis of DNA adducts formed from the interaction of the anticancer drugs mitomycin C, porfiromycin and thiotepa with calf thymus DNA. The adducts formed from reaction of mitomycin C and porfiromycin with DNA were separated from unmodified nucleosides by HPLC on a C18 column and identified by thermospray mass spectrometry. Thiotepa DNA adducts readily depurinated from DNA and were chromatographed and identified by thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as the modified bases without the ribose moiety attached. The utility of thermospray mass spectrometry for the identification of microgram quantities of nucleoside adducts and depurinated base adducts of these anticancer drugs was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Musser
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201
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Spink DC, Aldous KM, Kaminsky LS. Analysis of oxidative warfarin metabolites by thermospray high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1989; 177:307-13. [PMID: 2729550 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(89)90057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolites of the anticoagulant, warfarin [4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one], produced by the actions of cytochromes P450 were analyzed by thermospray high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Warfarin, dehydrowarfarin, and the 6-, 7-, 8-, and 4'-hydroxy derivatives of warfarin were found to ionize well by the thermospray process in the presence of ammonium acetate. Thermospray mass spectra of these compounds were generally dominated by the protonated molecule, (M + H)+, and ions formed by the loss of water from the protonated molecule, (M + H - H2O)+. Fragment ions arising from the hydroxycoumarin, benzylhydroxycoumarin, and phenylbutanone portions of the molecules were observed, and the relative intensity of these fragment ions was greatly increased with filament ionization and application of a high repeller potential (100-130 V). Selected-ion monitoring of the (M + H)+ and (M + H - H2O)+ ions provided sensitivities for these compounds in the 2 to 10 ng range. A method employing thermospray HPLC/MS with selected-ion monitoring and internal standard quantitation for the analysis of the oxidative metabolites of warfarin is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Spink
- Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany 12201-0509
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14
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Rubio FR, Crews T, Garland WA, Fukuda EK. Quantification of dideoxycytidine in human plasma by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. BIOMEDICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1988; 17:399-404. [PMID: 2850042 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200170509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric procedure has been developed for the quantification in plasma of dideoxycytidine (DDC), a candidate anti-AIDS drug. The assay uses an extraction with ethyl acetate containing 10% methanol followed by three derivatization steps: (i) reaction with t-butyl dimethyl chlorosilane to silylate the 5'-hydroxyl group; (ii) pentafluorobenzoylation of the amino group with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride; (iii) methylation of the ring nitrogen adjacent to the amino group with diazomethane. The resulting derivative is quantified using stable isotope dilution, selective ion monitoring and methane negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations of DDC were measured over a range of 2-200 ng ml-1 using 1 ml plasma for extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Rubio
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Nutley, New Jersey 07110
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