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Meirinho S, Rodrigues M, Fortuna A, Falcão A, Alves G. Liquid chromatographic methods for determination of the new antiepileptic drugs stiripentol, retigabine, rufinamide and perampanel: A comprehensive and critical review. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:405-421. [PMID: 34513117 PMCID: PMC8424363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The new antiepileptic drugs perampanel, retigabine, rufinamide and stiripentol have been recently approved for different epilepsy types. Being them an innovation in the antiepileptics armamentarium, a lot of investigations regarding their pharmacological properties are yet to be performed. Besides, considering their broad anticonvulsant activities, an extension of their therapeutic indications may be worthy of investigation, especially regarding other seizure types as well as other central nervous system disorders. Although different liquid chromatographic (LC) methods coupled with ultraviolet, fluorescence, mass or tandem-mass spectrometry detection have already been developed for the determination of perampanel, retigabine, rufinamide and stiripentol, new and more cost-effective methods are yet required. Therefore, this review summarizes the main analytical aspects regarding the liquid chromatographic methods developed for the analysis of perampanel, retigabine (and its main active metabolite), rufinamide and stiripentol in biological samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Furthermore, the physicochemical and stability properties of the target compounds will also be addressed. Thus, this review gathers, for the first time, important background information on LC methods that have been developed and applied for the determination of perampanel, retigabine, rufinamide and stiripentol, which should be considered as a starting point if new (bio)analytical techniques are aimed to be implemented for these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meirinho
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior (CICS UBI), 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Márcio Rodrigues
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior (CICS UBI), 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
- Research Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda (UDI-IPG), 6300-654, Guarda, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior (CICS UBI), 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
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Hassib ST, Hashem HMA, Mahrouse MA, Mostafa EA. Development and Bio-Analytical Validation of Chromatographic Determination Method of Rufinamide in Presence of its Metabolite in Human Plasma. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:458-464. [PMID: 33506266 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rufinamide (RF), antiepileptic drug, is biotransformed to inactive metabolite. Frequent plasma monitoring is required for dose adjustment. This work is concerned with the development and validation of a sensitive and selective RP-HPLC method for the quantitative determination of RF in spiked human plasma in the presence of its main metabolite. Lacosamide was selected as internal standard. Preparation of plasma samples involved precipitation of plasma proteins using methanol. Isocratic elution mode was applied and the chromatographic separation was performed on Prontosil CN column (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm). Good resolution was achieved using acetonitrile: water (10:90, v/v, adjusted with 0.01 N aqueous solution of o-phosphoric acid to pH = 3) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and UV detection was carried out at 210 nm. Linearity was observed over the concentration range of 0.5-50 μg/mL of RF in plasma. Bio-analytical validation of the developed method was carried out in accordance to the European Medicines Agency guidelines. The accuracy ranged from 95.97 to 114.13%, and the coefficient of variation of the assay intra-day and inter-day precision did not exceed 10%. The samples were stable under the employed experimental conditions. In conclusion, the findings of the present study revealed its usefulness for therapeutic drug monitoring, assessment of drug pharmacokinetics and application for bioequivalence study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia T Hassib
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M A Hashem
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Marianne A Mahrouse
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Eman A Mostafa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Hassib ST, Hashem HMA, Mahrouse MA, Mostafa EA. Determination of Rufinamide in the Presence of 1-[(2,6-Difluorophenyl)Methyl]-1H-1,2,3-Triazole-4 Carboxylic Acid Using RP-HPLC and Derivative Ratio Methods as Stability Indicating Assays to Be Applied on Dosage Form. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1215-1222. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Rufinamide is a triazole derivative that is structurally dissimilar to other marketed antiepileptic drugs, has been assumed a marketing authorization, by the European Union and FDA, for use as a complementary therapy for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Objective
This work is concerned with development of two methods for determination of rufinamide (RUF) in presence of 1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4 carboxylic acid as its alkaline degradation product in dosage form.
Methods
The first method was capable of determing RUF in the presence of its alkaline degradation product and in dosage form. Kromasil C8 column and mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile–water (50:50, v/v) were used and UV detection at 210 nm. In the second method, first derivative ratio spectrophotometry, RUF was determined by measuring peak amplitude at 269.5 nm over 5–30 μg/mL.
Results
The linearity range of RUF was 10–90 μg/mL for HPLC method covering its therapeutic range with r2 = 0.9999. Forced degradation under alkaline conditions was carried out, the degradation product was isolated and its structure was confirmed. Both methods were validated in accordance to ICH guidelines. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between obtained results and reported ones.
Conclusion
The present study is useful for therapeutic drug monitoring and routine analysis of RUF in quality control laboratories.
Highlights
Kinetics of the alkaline degradation of RUF was studied by following the concentration of the remaining drug until complete degradation was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia T Hassib
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Hanaa M A Hashem
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Marianne A Mahrouse
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Eman A Mostafa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Meirinho S, Rodrigues M, Fortuna A, Falcão A, Alves G. Novel bioanalytical method for the quantification of rufinamide in mouse plasma and tissues using HPLC-UV: A tool to support pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1124:340-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Gáll Z, Vancea S, Dogaru MT, Szilágyi T. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometric determination of rufinamide in low volume plasma samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 940:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Development and validation of a stability indicating RP-HPLC method for the determination of Rufinamide. J Pharm Anal 2012; 3:66-70. [PMID: 29403798 PMCID: PMC5760934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of Rufinamide in tablet dosage forms using C 18 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) with mobile phase consisting of water–acetonitrile (40:60, v/v) with a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min (UV detection 215 nm). Linearity was observed over the concentration range 1.0–200 μg/mL (R2=0.9997) with regression equation y=113190 x+63053. Rufinamide was subjected to stress conditions including acidic, alkaline, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation. Rufinamide is more sensitive towards acidic degradation. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines.
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Bentué-Ferrer D, Tribut O, Verdier MC. Suivi thérapeutique pharmacologique du rufinamide. Therapie 2012; 67:161-5. [DOI: 10.2515/therapie/2012013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Development and validation of an HPLC–UV detection assay for the determination of rufinamide in human plasma and saliva. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:1013-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Contin M, Mohamed S, Candela C, Albani F, Riva R, Baruzzi A. Simultaneous HPLC–UV analysis of rufinamide, zonisamide, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine monohydroxy derivative and felbamate in deproteinized plasma of patients with epilepsy. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:461-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Patsalos PN, Berry DJ, Bourgeois BFD, Cloyd JC, Glauser TA, Johannessen SI, Leppik IE, Tomson T, Perucca E. Antiepileptic drugs--best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring: a position paper by the subcommission on therapeutic drug monitoring, ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies. Epilepsia 2008; 49:1239-76. [PMID: 18397299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although no randomized studies have demonstrated a positive impact of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) on clinical outcome in epilepsy, evidence from nonrandomized studies and everyday clinical experience does indicate that measuring serum concentrations of old and new generation antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can have a valuable role in guiding patient management provided that concentrations are measured with a clear indication and are interpreted critically, taking into account the whole clinical context. Situations in which AED measurements are most likely to be of benefit include (1) when a person has attained the desired clinical outcome, to establish an individual therapeutic concentration which can be used at subsequent times to assess potential causes for a change in drug response; (2) as an aid in the diagnosis of clinical toxicity; (3) to assess compliance, particularly in patients with uncontrolled seizures or breakthrough seizures; (4) to guide dosage adjustment in situations associated with increased pharmacokinetic variability (e.g., children, the elderly, patients with associated diseases, drug formulation changes); (5) when a potentially important pharmacokinetic change is anticipated (e.g., in pregnancy, or when an interacting drug is added or removed); (6) to guide dose adjustments for AEDs with dose-dependent pharmacokinetics, particularly phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip N Patsalos
- Institute of Neurology/The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London and The Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom.
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Johannessen SI, Battino D, Berry DJ, Bialer M, Krämer G, Tomson T, Patsalos PN. Therapeutic drug monitoring of the newer antiepileptic drugs. Ther Drug Monit 2003; 25:347-63. [PMID: 12766564 DOI: 10.1097/00007691-200306000-00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to discuss the potential value of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin, and zonisamide. Studies of the relationship between serum concentrations and clinical efficacy of these drugs are reviewed, and the potential value of TDM of the drugs is discussed based on their pharmacokinetic properties and mode of action. Analytical methods for the determination of the serum concentrations of these drugs are also briefly described. There are only some prospective data on the serum concentration-effect relationships, and few studies have been designed primarily to study these relationships. As TDM is not widely practiced for the newer AEDs, there are no generally accepted target ranges for any of these drugs, and for most a wide range in serum concentration is associated with clinical efficacy. Furthermore, a considerable overlap in drug concentrations related to toxicity and nonresponse is reported. Nevertheless, the current tentative target ranges for felbamate, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine (10-hydroxy-carbazepine metabolite), tiagabine, topiramate, vigabatrin, and zonisamide are 125 to 250 micromol/L, 70 to 120 micromol/L, 10 to 60 micromol/L, 35 to 120 micromol/L, 50 to 140 micomol/L, 50 to 250 nmol/L, 15 to 60 micromol/L, 6 to 278 micromol/L, and 45 to 180 micromol/L, respectively. Further systematic studies designed specifically to evaluate concentration-effect relationships of the new AEDs are urgently needed. Although routine monitoring in general cannot be recommended at present, measurements of some of the drugs is undoubtedly of help with individualization of treatment in selected cases in a particular clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svein I Johannessen
- The National Center for Epilepsy, Sandvika, Norway, "Carlo Besta", Milan, Italy.
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Chollet DF. Determination of antiepileptic drugs in biological material. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 767:191-233. [PMID: 11885851 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(01)00502-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Current analytical methodologies applied to the determination of antiepileptic drugs in biological material are reviewed. The role of chromatographic techniques is emphasized. Special attention is focused on new chemical entities as well as current trends such as high-speed liquid chromatographic techniques, hyphenated techniques and electrochromatography techniques. A review with 542 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Chollet
- Covance Central Laboratory Services SA, Drug Monitoring Department, Meyrin/Geneva, Switzerland.
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Rouan MC, Buffet C, Masson L, Marfil F, Humbert H, Maurer G. Practice of solid-phase extraction and protein precipitation in the 96-well format combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection for the analysis of drugs in plasma and brain. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2001; 754:45-55. [PMID: 11318426 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
C18 Empore 96-well extraction disc plates have been employed for the analysis of three drugs with different polarities in plasma in conjunction with HPLC-UV, rufinamide, ICL670 and an anticonvulsant agent (AA1) in an early stage of development. With the most polar compound (AA1), ion-pair extraction at pH 12 was applied. The method developed for the assay of AA1 in plasma was applied to its determination in brain using an Oasis HLB plate following homogenisation in a pH 7.4 buffer and protein precipitation with NaOH-ZnSO4, thereby saving time for method development. Protein precipitation in the 96-well format with filtration of the precipitate was applied to the determination of ICL670, a highly protein-bound compound (>99.5%), with a good recovery (78%). Reversed-phase chromatography was applied using a short 5 cm column packed with 3 microm particles for the determination of ICL670 and AA1 and two parallel columns (15 cm long) for the determination of rufinamide. The methods were used routinely, one plate per analysis day being processed, resulting in increase in sample throughput and saving in solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rouan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Pharma SA, Rueil-Malmaison, France
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Abstract
This paper reviews current trends and techniques in automated solid-phase extraction. The area has shown a dramatic growth the number of manuscripts published over the last 10 years, including applications in environmental science, food science, clinical chemistry, pharmaceutical bioanalysis, forensics, analytical biochemistry and organic synthesis. This dramatic increase of more that 100% per year can be attributed to the commercial availability of higher throughput 96-well workstations and extraction plates that allow numerous samples to be processed simultaneously. These so-called parallel-processing workstations represent the highest throughput systems currently available. The advantages and limitations of other types of systems, including discrete column systems and on-line solid-phase extraction are also discussed. Discussions of how automated solid-phase extractions can be developed, generic approaches to automated solid-phase extraction, and three noteworthy examples of automated extractions are given. The last part of the review suggests possible near- and long-term directions of automated solid-phase extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Rossi
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, Division of Warner-Lambert, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Svennberg H, Lagerström PO. Evaluation of an on-line solid-phase extraction method for determination of almokalant, an antiarrhythmic drug, by liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 689:371-7. [PMID: 9080324 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated liquid chromatographic method based on a Prospekt solid-phase extraction unit is described for determination of the antiarrhythmic drug almokalant in plasma. The assay comprises solid-phase extraction on a C2 phase and separation on a C18 column with fluorometric detection. In the original procedure 40 samples a day could be run unattended but by modifying the sequence in the solid-phase extraction process it was possible to increase this number to 70. The method gives an absolute recovery of 92% and a repeatability (C.V.) of 2.9% at 75 nmol/l of plasma. The limit of quantitation is 2 nmol/l of plasma (C.V. < 20%). As regards accuracy and precision the performance of the method is as good as the manual method based on liquid-liquid extraction. The Prospekt method is, above all, faster and requires far less manual effort.
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