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Tang Y, Hu C, Sang S. Characterization of Reaction Products and Mechanisms between Serotonin and Methylglyoxal in Model Reactions and Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2437-2444. [PMID: 32011875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin is an important endogenous regulatory neurotransmitter and has also been found in fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Methylglyoxal (MGO) is a reactive dicarbonyl metabolite and also a food toxin that modifies protein and DNA to cause the development of many chronic diseases. The objective of this study is to understand the reaction mechanisms between serotonin and MGO and determine whether serotonin could trap MGO in vivo. Five products were detected in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 °C. Four products (compounds 2 and 4-6) were purified from the reaction mixture, and their structures were characterized by the analysis of their high-resolution mass and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. One product (compound 3), as a result of its instability, could not be properly purified and was tentatively characterized on the basis of its high-resolution mass spectrum and corresponding mass fragments. On the basis of the structures of these five products, two reaction pathways were proposed. Compounds 2, 3, 5, and 6 were produced through the Pictet-Spengler condensation pathway between the primary amine of serotonin and the ketone of MGO, and compound 3 was identified as the intermediate product to form products 2, 5, and 6, whereas compound 4 was formed through nucleophilic substitution by the benzene ring of serotonin, which is a new reaction pathway between biogenic amines and reactive carbonyl species. More importantly, the detection of adducts 2 and 4-6 in mice supports our hypothesis that the reaction between serotonin and MGO also happens in vivo through the same pathways as those in model reactions, suggesting that dietary or endogenous serotonin has the capacity to trap MGO in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies , North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way , Kannapolis , North Carolina 28081 , United States
| | - Changling Hu
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies , North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way , Kannapolis , North Carolina 28081 , United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies , North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University , North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way , Kannapolis , North Carolina 28081 , United States
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2
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Kole PB, Singh FV. Versatile Synthesis of Functionalized Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Ring Transformation of 2H-Pyran-2-ones. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch19046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized tetrahydroisoquinolines are convenient precursors for the construction of numerous heterocyclic compounds of therapeutic importance. In this paper we have illustrated an efficient synthesis of highly substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines from 2H-pyran-2-ones via nucleophile-mediated ring transformation with tert-butyl-4-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate followed by acid-mediated cleavage of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group. The products were achieved smoothly in high yields with flexibility of various substituents.
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3
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Park SI, Lee YJ, Won H, Oh KB, Lee HS. Indole Alkaloids from Tropical Sponge Hyrtios sp. as Isocitrate Lyase Inhibitors. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new β-carboline alkaloid, 3,4-dihydrohyrtiosulawesine (8), and fifteen known alkaloids were isolated from the tropical marine sponge Hyrtios sp. Among these known compounds, β-ketoserotonin (10) has been isolated for the first time from a natural source. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature values. Compound 8 displayed potent inhibitory activities against isocitrate lyase (IC50: 92.9 μM) from Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Il Park
- Marine Natural Products Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- Marine Natural Products Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoshik Won
- Department of Chemistry & Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdaehak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bong Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyi-Seung Lee
- Marine Natural Products Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
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4
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de la Fuente Revenga M, Pérez C, Morales-García JA, Alonso-Gil S, Pérez-Castillo A, Caignard DH, Yáñez M, Gamo AM, Rodríguez-Franco MI. Neurogenic Potential Assessment and Pharmacological Characterization of 6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (Pinoline) and Melatonin-Pinoline Hybrids. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:800-10. [PMID: 25815906 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
6-Methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (pinoline) and N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (melatonin) are both structurally related to 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Here we describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of a series of melatonin rigid analogues resulting from the hybridization of both pinoline and melatonin structures. The pharmacological evaluation of melatonin-pinoline hybrids comprises serotonergic and melatonergic receptors, metabolic enzymes (monoamine oxidases), antioxidant potential, the in vitro blood-brain barrier permeability, and neurogenic studies. Pinoline at trace concentrations and 2-acetyl-6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline (2) were able to stimulate early neurogenesis and neuronal maturation in an in vitro model of neural stem cells isolated from the adult rat subventricular zone. Such effects are presumably mediated via serotonergic and melatonergic stimulation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario de la Fuente Revenga
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción Pérez
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Morales-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Pérez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones
Biomédicas “Alberto Sols”, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IIB-CSIC), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029-Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), C/Valderrebollo 5, 28031-Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel-Henri Caignard
- Institut
de Recherches
Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290-Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Matilde Yáñez
- Facultad
de Farmacia, Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, La Coruña, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana M. Gamo
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica
I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Rodríguez-Franco
- Instituto de Química
Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain
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5
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Araújo AM, Carvalho F, Bastos MDL, Guedes de Pinho P, Carvalho M. The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1151-73. [PMID: 25877327 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1513-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Polanski W, Reichmann H, Gille G. Stimulation, protection and regeneration of dopaminergic neurons by 9-methyl-β-carboline: a new anti-Parkinson drug? Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 11:845-60. [DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Rouge P, Cornu A, Biesse-Martin AS, Lyan B, Rochut N, Graulet B. Identification of quinoline, carboline and glycinamide compounds in cow milk using HRMS and NMR. Food Chem 2013; 141:1888-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Ortar G, De Petrocellis L, Moriello AS, Allarà M, Morera E, Nalli M, Di Marzo V. Tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives targeting fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012. [PMID: 23206861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of twenty-five derivatives of tetrahydro-β-carbolines 1-3 was synthesized and assayed on FAAH and TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels. Four carbamates, that is, 5a,c,e, and 9b inhibited FAAH with significant potency and interacted also effectively with TRPV1 and TRPA1 nociceptive receptors, while ureas 7b,d,f, and 8a,b were endowed with specific submicromolar TRPV1 modulating activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Ortar
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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9
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Pénez N, Culioli G, Pérez T, Briand JF, Thomas OP, Blache Y. Antifouling properties of simple indole and purine alkaloids from the Mediterranean gorgonian Paramuricea clavata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2304-2308. [PMID: 21939218 DOI: 10.1021/np200537v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the Mediterranean gorgonian Paramuricea clavata resulted in the isolation of two new alkaloids, 2-bromo-N-methyltryptamine (1) and 3-bromo-N-methyltyramine (2), together with nine known compounds (3-10 and linderazulene). The bromoindole derivative 3 is reported herein for the first time from a natural source. The chemical structures of these compounds were assigned by spectroscopic analyses and comparison with literature values. The antifouling activity and toxicity of compounds 1-10 were assessed using three marine biofilm bacteria and the Microtox assay. In contrast to commercial antifoulants, bufotenine (5) and 1,3,7-trimethylisoguanine (10) showed significant antiadhesion activity against one bacterial strain while being nontoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pénez
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, EA 4323, Biofouling et Substances Naturelles Marines, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, Avenue de l'Université, BP 20132, F-83957 La Garde Cedex, France
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10
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Martins CP, Awan MA, Freeman S, Herraiz T, Alder JF, Brandt SD. Fingerprint analysis of thermolytic decarboxylation of tryptophan to tryptamine catalyzed by natural oils. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1210:115-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Lee J, Huang BX, Yuan Z, Kim HY. Simultaneous determination of salsolinol enantiomers and dopamine in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by chemical derivatization coupled to chiral liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 79:9166-73. [PMID: 17973500 DOI: 10.1021/ac0715827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, specific, and robust method to simultaneously determine enantiomeric salsolinol (1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, SAL), a potential biomarker implicated in alcohol-related neurotoxicity in a stereoselective manner, and its precursor dopamine (DA) has been developed using simple chemical derivatization and chiral separation coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). SAL enantiomers and DA were converted to stable pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) derivatives directly from aqueous media. Bulky PFB groups introduced into the SAL structure enabled baseline separation of SAL stereoisomers on a chiral column without cumbersome chiral derivatization to unstable SAL diastereomers. Subsequent analysis by ESI-MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in the presence of deuterium-labeled internal standards allowed specific detection of both derivatives with a wide dynamic range (SAL, 0.5-5000 pg; DA, 0.02-20 ng). The limit of quantitation assayed in the plasma matrix was below 10 pg for each SAL enantiomer and 100 pg for DA. Both coefficient of variance and error for inter- and intraday measurements in the blank plasma were less than 10% for SAL and DA in the concentration range of 10-4000 pg/mL and 0.1-8 ng/mL, respectively. This strategy enabled routine and specific determination of both SAL enantiomers and DA from 0.5 mL of human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, which has not been possible using existing methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongrim Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9410, USA
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Abstract
The aromatic beta-carbolines norharman and harman have been implicated in a number of human diseases including Parkinson's disease, tremor, addiction and cancer. It has been shown that these compounds are normal body constituents formed endogenously but external sources have been identified. Here, we summarise literature data on levels of norharman and harman in fried meat and fish, meat extracts, alcoholic drinks, and coffee brews. Other sources include edible and medicinal plants but tobacco smoke has been identified as a major source. Exposure levels from these different dietary sources are estimated to a maximum of 4 microg norharman per kg body weight (bw) per day and 1 microg harman per kg bw per day. Exposure via tobacco smoke depends on smoking habits and type of cigarettes but can be estimated to 1.1 microg/kg bw for norharman and 0.6 microg/kg bw for harman per package of cigarettes smoked. Studies on toxicokinetics indicate that inhalative exposure leads to a rapid increase in plasma levels and high bioavailability of norharman and harman. Oral bioavailability is lower but there are indications that sublingual absorption may increase dietary uptake of beta-carbolines. Endogenous formation can be estimated to be 50-100 ng/kg bw per day for norharman and about 20 ng/kg bw per day for harman but these rates may increase with high intake of precursors. Biomarker studies on plasma levels of beta-carbolines reported on elevated levels of norharman, harman or both in diseased patients, alcoholics and following tobacco smoking or consumption of beta-carboline-containing food. Cigarette smoking has been identified as major influence but dietary exposure may contribute to exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Pfau
- Umweltmedizin Hamburg eV and Institute of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Hamburg University, Vogt-Kölln-Strasse 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany.
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13
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Musshoff F. Chromatographic methods for the determination of markers of chronic and acute alcohol consumption. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 781:457-80. [PMID: 12450674 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00691-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development in chromatographic methods for the determination of markers of alcohol consumption is summarized in this review. The markers included in this article are ethanol in body fluids, ethanol congeners, fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), ethyl glucuronide (EtG), cocaethylene (CE), carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), phosphatidylethanol (PEth), 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL), dolichol, ketone bodies, acetaldehyde-protein adducts, and salsolinol (SAL). Some of these markers for alcohol consumption do not only indicate previous ethanol ingestion, but also approximate the amount of intake and the time when ethanol ingestion last occurred. Basic information about the procedures, work-up, and chromatographic conditions are summarized in tables. Also the main metabolic pathways and reaction schemes are demonstrated in figures. Some examples of typical applications are presented. The author points out that in many of the reviewed papers validation data of the procedures as well as specificities and sensitivities were not clearly presented and consequently were not comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
The arylethylamines substituted in the aryl ring, side-chain carbons and on the terminal amine, comprise a large number of human mood and behaviour altering chemicals. Some of these psychotropic drugs have been used since pre-history, but in many states are proscribed and are consequently subject to clandestine synthesis and illegal traffic world-wide in the forms particularly of amphetamines and to a lesser extent tryptamines. The chemistry employed in the synthesis of these compounds is dictated often by the available precursors and relies usually on relatively simple, unsophisticated conversion reactions to a suitable product. The internet web sites and documentation of the recreational drug culture have been studied alongside the professional scientific and regulatory literature. The review demonstrates the great complexity of the chemistry and neuro-pharmacology of these chemicals and the challenge faced by legislative bodies to control their traffic and use for the sake of social welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Freeman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK.
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Diem S, Herderich M. Reaction of tryptophan with carbohydrates: mechanistic studies on the formation of carbohydrate-derived beta-carbolines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:5473-5478. [PMID: 11714346 DOI: 10.1021/jf010379o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous carbohydrate-derived beta-carbolines have been identified for the first time in model reactions of tryptophan with glucose and ribose, as well as in food samples. Extending these structural studies, we performed detailed investigations to elucidate the corresponding intermediates and formation pathway of these alkaloids. Degradation experiments with purified tryptophan glycoconjugates established that only glyco-tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acids, and not the N-glycosides nor the C-glycoconjugates represented the direct precursors of carbohydrate-derived beta-carbolines. In addition, the significance of the oxidative decarboxylation reaction as the initial step for formation of 1-substituted beta-carbolines was proven. Finally, the stereochemistry of the carbohydrate-derived side chain was studied by means of CD spectroscopy and HPLC-CD experiments. These detailed stereochemical analyses yielded experimental evidence for the racemization steps required for formation of the carbohydrate-derived harman alkaloids and confirmed the proposed reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Diem
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Herraiz T. Analysis of the bioactive alkaloids tetrahydro-beta-carboline and beta-carboline in food. J Chromatogr A 2000; 881:483-99. [PMID: 10905730 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple tetrahydro-beta-carbolines (THbetaCs) and beta-carbolines (betaCs) are naturally occurring alkaloids in foods and food processing. This paper reviews the methods employed for their analysis. Procedures for THbetaC and betaC isolation and clean-up to remove interfering compounds are carried out by liquid-liquid extraction, and/or better solid-phase extraction under both reversed-phase (C18) and cation-exchange mechanisms. Chemical derivatizations of THbetaCs with methyl chloroformate, or anhydrides are accomplished before GC-MS. Quantitative analysis of THbetaCs and betaCs is made by RP-HPLC (C18) with fluorescence detection providing good selectivity and sensitivity. For the same reasons, HPLC-MS is increasingly applied to these compounds. Electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization easily produce protonated molecules (M+H)+ of both THbetaCs and betaCs. Fragmentation by collision induced dissociation or tandem mass spectrometry helps to complete trace identification. The occurrence of biologically relevant THbetaCs and betaCs in foods highlights the interest of accomplishing their analysis. Foods containing those compounds represent a source of possible THbetaCs and betaCs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herraiz
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Musshoff F, Daldrup T. Determination of biological markers for alcohol abuse. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:245-64. [PMID: 9700562 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is one of the most frequent addictions and an important subject in forensic medicine and clinical toxicology. Several laboratory abnormalities are associated with excessive alcohol consumption. They are useful in the diagnosis of alcoholism especially during the follow-up of various treatment programs. The biological markers mostly used for diagnosis of alcoholism are presented. Especially, methods for the determination of the following diagnostic tools are reviewed: congener alcohols, gamma-glutamyltransferase, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase, beta-hexosaminidase, erythrocyte aldehyde dehydrogenase, alpha-amino-n-butyric acid to leucine ratio, macrocytosis, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, (apo)lipoproteins, fatty acid ethyl esters, blood acetate, acetaldehyde adducts, 5-hydroxytryptophol, dolichol and condensation products. No laboratory test exists that is reliable enough for the exact diagnosis of alcoholism. The combination of physician interview, questionnaire and laboratory markers is necessary for the diagnosis of alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Musshoff
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Institute of Legal Medicine, Bonn, Germany
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