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Bosco K, Lynch S, Sandaradura I, Khatami A. Therapeutic Phage Monitoring: A Review. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:S384-S394. [PMID: 37932121 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the global rise in antimicrobial resistance, there has been a renewed interest in the application of therapeutic phages to treat bacterial infections. Therapeutic phage monitoring (TPM) is proposed as an essential element of phage therapy (PT) protocols to generate data and fill knowledge gaps regarding the in vivo efficacy of therapeutic phages, patients' immune responses to PT, and the wider ecological effects of PT. By monitoring phage concentrations in blood and tissues, together with immune responses and possible ecological changes during PT, TPM may enable the optimization of dosing and the implementation of precision medicine approaches. Furthermore, TPM can validate diagnostic surrogates of efficacy, direct research efforts, and establish quality assurance indicators for therapeutic phage products. Thus, TPM holds great potential for enhancing our understanding of the multidirectional phage-bacteria-host interactions and advancing "best practice" PT, ultimately improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bosco
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephanie Lynch
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Indy Sandaradura
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ameneh Khatami
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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Chaplain D, Asutaku BB, Mona M, Bulafu D, Aruhomukama D. The need to improve antimicrobial susceptibility testing capacity in Ugandan health facilities: insights from a surveillance primer. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:23. [PMID: 35115045 PMCID: PMC8812180 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lab-based surveillance (LBS) of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is not systematically implemented in Uganda. We aimed to identify the gaps in establishing regular LBS of AMR in Uganda.
Methods This was a retrospective records review. It was done at Mulago Hospital (MH) Microbiology Lab (MHL). It analyzed lab records on bacteria and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles (ASPs) over 6 months. Since MH is the national referral hospital, we hypothesized that (1) MHL is the best resourced and that any limitations seen here are amplified in labs at regional referral hospitals (RRHs) and health centers (HCs); (2) data from MHL on LBS mirrors that from labs at RRHs and HCs; (3) the state of records from MHL show lab performance and the presence or absence of standard operating procedures (SOPs), as would be the case at RRHs and HCs.
Results The lab got 1760 samples over the six months. The most common sample was urine (659, 37.4%). From the 1760 samples, data on 478 bacterial isolates were available. Urine gave the most isolates (159, 33.3%). Most of the isolates were gram-negative (267, 55.9%). Escherichia coli (100, 37%) was the most common gram-negative (of the Enterobacteriaceae). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17, 6%) was the most common gram-negative (of the non-Enterobacteriaceae). The gram-negative bacteria were highly resistant to β-lactams. These were highly sensitive to carbapenems. The Staphylococcus aureus were highly resistant to β-lactams. The gram-positive bacteria were highly sensitive to vancomycin. ASPs for all bacterial categories were incomplete. Conclusions The findings from MHL suggest that there is a need to improve antimicrobial susceptibility testing capacity. They also suggest that the situation at RRHs and HCs around the country could be worse. So, there is a need to extend the political will, which already exists, into operational and implementation action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duku Chaplain
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Butti Ben Asutaku
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Muhammad Mona
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Douglas Bulafu
- Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dickson Aruhomukama
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
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Nanayakkara AK, Boucher HW, Fowler VG, Jezek A, Outterson K, Greenberg DE. Antibiotic resistance in the patient with cancer: Escalating challenges and paths forward. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71:488-504. [PMID: 34546590 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection is the second leading cause of death in patients with cancer. Loss of efficacy in antibiotics due to antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an urgent threat against the continuing success of cancer therapy. In this review, the authors focus on recent updates on the impact of antibiotic resistance in the cancer setting, particularly on the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.). This review highlights the health and financial impact of antibiotic resistance in patients with cancer. Furthermore, the authors recommend measures to control the emergence of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the risk factors associated with cancer care. A lack of data in the etiology of infections, specifically in oncology patients in United States, is identified as a concern, and the authors advocate for a centralized and specialized surveillance system for patients with cancer to predict and prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Finding better ways to predict, prevent, and treat antibiotic-resistant infections will have a major positive impact on the care of those with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amila K Nanayakkara
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Helen W Boucher
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vance G Fowler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amanda Jezek
- Infectious Diseases Society of America, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Kevin Outterson
- CARB-X, Boston, Massachusetts
- Boston University School of Law, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David E Greenberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
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Zhou S, Nagel JL, Kaye KS, LaPlante KL, Albin OR, Pogue JM. Antimicrobial Stewardship and the Infection Control Practitioner: A Natural Alliance. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2021; 35:771-787. [PMID: 34362543 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic overuse and misuse has contributed to rising rates of multidrug-resistant organisms and Clostridioides difficile. Decreasing antibiotic misuse has become a national public health priority. This review outlines the goals of antimicrobial stewardship, essential members of the program, implementation strategies, approaches to measuring the program's impact, and steps needed to build a program. Highlighted is the alliance between antimicrobial stewardship programs and infection prevention programs in their efforts to improve antibiotic use, improve diagnostic stewardship for C difficile and asymptomatic bacteriuria, and decrease health care-associated infections and the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Zhou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, F4171A University Hospital South, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jerod L Nagel
- Department of Pharmacy, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Keith S Kaye
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, 5510A MSRB 1, SPC 5680, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5680, USA
| | - Kerry L LaPlante
- Infectious Diseases Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Center of Innovation in Long-Term Support Services, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (151), Building 7, 830 Chalkstone Avenue, Providence, RI 02908, USA; College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, University of Rhode Island College of Pharmacy, Suite 255A-C, 7 Greenhouse Road Suite, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; Department of Health Services Policy & Practice, Center for Gerontology & Health Care Research, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Owen R Albin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University Hospital South F4009, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason M Pogue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Thomas AA, Korienek PJ, Reid SA, Dierkhising RA, Dababneh AS, Lessard SR. Effect of Pharmacist Audit on Antibiotic Duration for Pneumonia and Urinary Tract Infection. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2021; 5:763-769. [PMID: 34377948 PMCID: PMC8332370 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of clinical pharmacists in daily audits, under the direction of an antimicrobial stewardship program, of antibiotic treatment durations for the common inpatient disease states of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and urinary tract infection (UTI). PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective single-center cohort study that evaluated the difference in the duration of antibiotic therapy for CAP or non-catheter-associated UTI of hospitalized patients who received a daily audit by clinical pharmacists compared with patients who did not receive a daily audit. Retrospective chart review included randomly selected hospitalized patients diagnosed with CAP or UTI during preaudit and postaudit periods. RESULTS The preaudit group had 64 patients; and the postaudit group, 51 patients. The therapy duration was 7 days in the preaudit group and 6 days in the postaudit group (P=.55). Fluoroquinolone use was reduced in the postaudit group and was significantly less than in the preaudit group (24 [37.5%] vs 7 [13.7%]; P=.007). CONCLUSION The daily audits of clinical pharmacists may be an effective method to reduce the duration of antibiotic therapy and are effective in the reduction of fluoroquinolone use. Additional studies must be done to further investigate the effects of clinical pharmacist antimicrobial stewardship efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A. Thomas
- Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic Health System – Southwest Wisconsin Region, La Crosse
| | - Patrick J. Korienek
- Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic Health System – Southwest Wisconsin Region, La Crosse
| | - Stacy A. Reid
- Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic Health System – Southwest Wisconsin Region, La Crosse
| | | | | | - Sarah R. Lessard
- Pharmacy Services, Mayo Clinic Health System – Southwest Wisconsin Region, La Crosse
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Bettinger B, Benneyan JC, Mahootchi T. Antibiotic stewardship from a decision-making, behavioral economics, and incentive design perspective. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 90:103242. [PMID: 32861088 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant infections cause over 20 thousand deaths and $20 billion annually in the United States. Antibiotic prescribing decision making can be described as a "tragedy of the commons" behavioral economics problem, for which individual best interests affecting human decision-making lead to suboptimal societal antibiotic overuse. In 2015, the U.S. federal government announced a $1.2 billion National Action Plan to combat resistance and reduce antibiotic use by 20% in inpatient settings and 50% in outpatient settings by 2020. We develop and apply a behavioral economics model based on game theory and "tragedy of the commons" concepts to help illustrate why rational individuals may not practice ideal stewardship and how to potentially structure three specific alternate approaches to accomplish these objectives (collective cooperative management, usage taxes, resistance penalties), based on Ostrom's economic governance principles. Importantly, while each approach can effectively incentivize ideal stewardship, the latter two do so with 10-30% lower utility to all providers. Encouraging local or state-level self-managed cooperative stewardship programs thus is preferred to national taxes and penalties, in contrast with current trends and with similar implications in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James C Benneyan
- Healthcare Systems Engineering Institute, Northeastern University, Boston MA, USA.
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Frühe Optimierung der Antibiotikatherapie durch den schnellen Nachweis von Erregern und Empfindlichkeit. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2020; 115:420-427. [DOI: 10.1007/s00063-020-00680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hardefeldt LY. Implementing antimicrobial stewardship programmes in veterinary practices. Vet Rec 2018; 182:688-690. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.k2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Y. Hardefeldt
- National Centre for Antibiotic Stewardship; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; University of Melbourne; Australia
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9
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de Dios B, Borges M, Smith TD, del Castillo A, Socias A, Gutiérrez L, Nicolás J, Lladó B, Roche JA, Díaz MP, Lladó Y. Computerised sepsis protocol management. Description of an early warning system. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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de Dios B, Borges M, Smith TD, del Castillo A, Socias A, Gutiérrez L, Nicolás J, Lladó B, Roche JA, Díaz MP, Lladó Y. Protocolo informático de manejo integral de la sepsis. Descripción de un sistema de identificación precoz. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018; 36:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Willis ZI, Gillon J, Xu M, Slaughter JC, Di Pentima MC. Reducing Antimicrobial Use in an Academic Pediatric Institution: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Prospective Audit With Real-Time Feedback. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6:339-345. [PMID: 28339590 PMCID: PMC5907874 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial use is decreasing across freestanding children's hospitals, predominantly in institutions with antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) in place. A highly effective ASP should effect a greater decrease in use than predicted by existing trends. Antimicrobial stewardship programs depend on clinician adherence to program recommendations, but little is known about factors associated with adherence. METHODS Parenteral antimicrobial-use data for our institution and 43 additional freestanding children's hospitals were obtained and normalized for patient census. Segmental linear regression was used to compare rates of change of parenteral antimicrobial use before and after ASP implementation. Time-series models were developed to predict use in the absence of intervention. The odds of adherence to ASP recommendations were determined based on provider characteristics and recommendation type. RESULTS In the 38 months before ASP implementation, parenteral antimicrobial use was decreasing at our hospital by 3.7%/year, similar to the 3.4%/year found across children's hospitals. The rate of change after implementation of the ASP at our hospital was 11.1%/year, compared to 5.6%/year for other hospitals over the same period. Of 643 interventions, teams adhered with recommendations in 495 cases (77.0%). According to adjusted analysis, primary service was not associated with adherence (P = .356). There was an association between adherence and the role of the clinician receiving a recommendation (P = .009) and the recommendation type (P = .009). CONCLUSIONS Understanding factors associated with adherence to ASP recommendations can help those who administer such programs to strategize interventions for maximizing efficacy. Our findings reveal the value of a formal ASP in reducing use when controlling for secular trends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Gillon
- Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Meng Xu
- Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - James C Slaughter
- Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - M Cecilia Di Pentima
- Department of Pediatrics, Goryeb Children's Hospital, Morristown, New Jersey,Corresponding Author: M. Cecilia Di Pentima, MD, MPH, FAAP, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Goryeb Children's Hospital, Atlantic Health System, 100 Madison Ave (#29B), Morristown, NJ 07962–1956. E-mail:
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Barlam TF, DiVall M. Antibiotic-Stewardship Practices at Top Academic Centers Throughout the United States and at Hospitals Throughout Massachusetts. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017; 27:695-703. [PMID: 16807844 DOI: 10.1086/503346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Improvements in antibiotic prescribing to reduce bacterial resistance and control hospital costs is a growing priority, but the way to accomplish this is poorly defined. Our goal was to determine whether certain antibiotic stewardship interventions were universally instituted and accepted at top US academic centers and to document what interventions, if any, are used at both teaching and community hospitals within a geographic area.Design.Two surveys were conducted. In survey 1, detailed phone interviews were performed with the directors of antibiotic stewardship programs at 22 academic medical centers that are considered among the best for overall medical care in the United States or as leaders in antibiotic stewardship programs. In survey 2, teaching and community hospitals throughout Massachusetts were surveyed to ascertain what antibiotic oversight program components were present.Results.In survey 1, each of the 22 participating hospitals had instituted interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing, but none of the interventions were universally accepted as essential or effective. In survey 2, of 97 surveys that were mailed to prospective participants, a total of 54 surveys from 19 teaching hospitals and 35 community hospitals were returned. Ninety-five percent of the teaching hospitals had a restricted formulary, compared with 49% of the community hospitals, and 89% of teaching hospitals had an antibiotic approval process, compared with 29% of community hospitals.Conclusion.There was great variability among the approaches to the oversight of antibiotic prescribing at major academic hospitals. Antibiotic management interventions were lacking in more than half of the Massachusetts community hospitals surveyed. More research is needed to define the best antibiotic stewardship interventions for different hospital settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar F Barlam
- School of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Nagel JL, Kaye KS, LaPlante KL, Pogue JM. Antimicrobial Stewardship for the Infection Control Practitioner. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2016; 30:771-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mercer KA, Chintalapudi SR, Visconti EB. Impact of Targeted Antibiotic Restriction on Usage and Cost in a Community Hospital. J Pharm Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/875512259901500303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Aminoglycoside use in a pediatric hospital: there is room for improvement-a before/after study. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:659-65. [PMID: 26792290 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aminoglycoside prescriptions were rarely evaluated in children care facilities. Because of risk of toxicity, these narrow spectrum antibiotics are commonly misused. In this study, we evaluate aminoglycoside prescription and assess the impact of an information campaign on modalities of prescription and monitoring practices in a pediatric hospital. This prospective study, before/after diffusion of local recommendations, has been conducted over 6 months. All computerized prescriptions were analyzed. A semi-passive diffusion of local recommendations to prescribers allowed researchers to differentiate between a pre-intervention (P1) and post-intervention period (P2). Endpoints were the improvement of administered doses (mg/kg), modalities of administration, treatment duration, indications, and the presence of pharmacological monitoring. Three hundred and ten prescriptions were analyzed (P1 = 163, P2 = 147). Most common sites of infection treated were as follows: joint-bone (33 %), urinary tract (17 %) and intra-abdominal (15 %). Among all prescriptions, respectively, 12 and 13 % were avoidable. Short-duration treatment and single daily dosing seem to be widely achieved, but despite an improvement between the two periods, 45 % of prescribed doses in P2 were still below our recommendations (77 % in P1). CONCLUSION The semi-passive diffusion of recommendations has not improved significantly medical practices. Active diffusion with a regular monitoring could be useful to improve the use of aminoglycosides. WHAT IS KNOWN • Misuse of aminoglycosides has been frequently described and evaluated in adult hospitals. • This misuse could be explained by their nephrotoxicity and their low therapeutic index. What is New: • Through this study, conducted in a pediatric hospital, we highlighted that practitioners misunderstand the aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic targets and 12.3 % of aminoglycoside prescriptions could be avoided. • Finally, we showed that a semi-passive diffusion of local recommendations is not enough to improve aminoglycoside prescriptions.
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Development of a clinical decision support system for antibiotic management in a hospital environment. PROGRESS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13748-016-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Medication Use Evaluation: Pharmacist Rubric for Performance Improvement. Pharmacotherapy 2014; 34 Suppl 1:5S-13S. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Thursky K. Use of computerized decision support systems to improve antibiotic prescribing. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 4:491-507. [PMID: 16771625 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.4.3.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This decade will see the emergence of the electronic medical record, electronic prescribing and computerized decision support in the hospital setting. Current opinion from key infectious diseases bodies supports the use of computerized decision support systems as potentially useful tools in antibiotic stewardship programs. However, although antibiotic decision support systems appear beneficial for improving the quality of prescribing and reducing the costs of antibiotic prescribing, their overall cost-effectiveness, impact on patient outcome and antimicrobial resistance is much less certain. This review describes computerized decision support systems used to assist with antibiotic prescribing, the evidence for their effectiveness and the current and future roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Thursky
- Infectious Diseases Physician, Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Infectious Diseases, Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria, 3051, Australia.
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Abstract
The development of antimicrobial agents represents one of the most significant achievements in medicine during the past century. However, the emergence of antimicrobial resistance combined with the downturn in the development of new antimicrobial agents in the pharmaceutical industry poses unanticipated challenges in the effective management of infection. The issue of how we can most effectively utilize these invaluable resources, antimicrobials, in the face of infections that are ever more difficult to treat arises. This issue serves as the fundamental basis for the concept of antimicrobial stewardship, the topic of this minireview.
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Grgurich PE, Hudcova J, Lei Y, Sarwar A, Craven DE. Management and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. Expert Rev Respir Med 2013; 6:533-55. [PMID: 23134248 DOI: 10.1586/ers.12.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens is a leading healthcare-associated infection in mechanically ventilated patients. The incidence of VAP due to MDR pathogens has increased significantly in the last decade. Risk factors for VAP due to MDR organisms include advanced age, immunosuppression, broad-spectrum antibiotic exposure, increased severity of illness, previous hospitalization or residence in a chronic care facility and prolonged duration of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and several different species of Gram-negative bacteria can cause MDR VAP. Especially difficult Gram-negative bacteria include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteraciae and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing bacteria. Proper management includes selecting appropriate antibiotics, optimizing dosing and using timely de-escalation based on antiimicrobial sensitivity data. Evidence-based strategies to prevent VAP that incorporate multidisciplinary staff education and collaboration are essential to reduce the burden of this disease and associated healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Grgurich
- Department of Pharmacy, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA 01805, USA
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Kullar R, Goff DA, Schulz LT, Fox BC, Rose WE. The "epic" challenge of optimizing antimicrobial stewardship: the role of electronic medical records and technology. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:1005-13. [PMID: 23667260 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are established means for institutions to improve patient outcomes while reducing the emergence of resistant bacteria. With the increased adoption and evolution of electronic medical records (EMRs), there is a need to assimilate the tools of ASPs into EMRs, using decision support and feedback. Third-party software vendors provide the mainstay for integration of individual institutional EMR and ASP efforts. Epic is the leading implementer of EMR technology in the United States. A collaboration of physicians and pharmacists are working closely with Epic to provide a more comprehensive platform of ASP tools that may be institutionally individualized. We review the historical relationship between ASPs and the EMR, cite examples of Epic stewardship tools from 3 academic medical centers' ASPs, discuss limitations of these Epic tools, and conclude with the current process in evolution to integrate ASP tools and decision support capacities directly into Epic's EMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravina Kullar
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University/Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
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Abstract
Antimicrobial exposure contributes to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant organisms. As rates of colonization and infection with these organisms are among the highest in the population of chronic hemodialysis patients and antimicrobial exposure among this patient population is extensive, it is imperative to prescribe antimicrobials judiciously. Thirty to forty percent of chronic hemodialysis patients receive at least one dose of antimicrobials in outpatient centers over a one-year period. Up to 30% of these antimicrobials are prescribed inappropriately, as per national guidelines. The predominant reasons include (i) failure to de-escalate to a more narrow-spectrum antimicrobial, (ii) criteria for infection, especially skin and soft tissue infections, are not met, and (iii) indications and duration for surgical prophylaxis for minor vascular-access-related procedures do not follow recommended guidelines. Vancomycin, third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins and cefazolin are the most common antimicrobials or antimicrobial classes prescribed inappropriately. Antimicrobial stewardship programs reduce both inappropriate antimicrobial exposure and associated costs. Effective strategies include (i) education, (ii) guidelines and clinical pathways, (iii) antimicrobial order forms, (iv) de-escalation therapy, and (v) prospective audit and feedback. Dialysis centers need to identify a team of individuals that will lead the antimicrobial stewardship program. Administrative and financial support for this team is essential. After implementation of the program, regular monitoring for compliance with strategies, and identifying factors that are preventing compliance are necessary. The efficacy of the program should also be evaluated at regular intervals through process and outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika M C D'Agata
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Bowen
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; UK
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Stevenson KB, Balada-Llasat JM, Bauer K, Deutscher M, Goff D, Lustberg M, Pancholi P, Reed E, Smeenk D, Taylor J, West J. The economics of antimicrobial stewardship: the current state of the art and applying the business case model. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33:389-97. [PMID: 22418635 DOI: 10.1086/664910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt B Stevenson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is increasing; however, antimicrobial drug development is slowing. Now more than ever before, antimicrobial stewardship is of the utmost importance as a way to optimize the use of antimicrobials to prevent the development of resistance and improve patient outcomes. This review describes the why, what, who, how, when, and where of antimicrobial stewardship. Techniques of stewardship are summarized, and a plan for implementation of a stewardship program is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Doron
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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26
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Nguyen S, Dufossez F, Dekeyser S, Descamps D. [Bacteremia and French computerized disease surveillance system: financial valorisation of an infectious diseases specialist in a hospital]. Med Mal Infect 2011; 41:384-9. [PMID: 21458938 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bacteremia surveillance is a mission assumed by the referent person for antimicrobial therapy. We propose an original financial valorization of this activity, using the computerized disease surveillance system (CDSS). MATERIAL AND METHODS A database collecting community-acquired and care-associated bacteremia was created on January 1, 2009 at the Bethune Hospital, France, using EPI-Info software (EPI Data). This database was used to complete missing data (presence of bacteremia, origin [community-acquired or care-associated], site of infection) in CDSS codes of patients hospitalized in surgical and medical wards (410 beds) during 2009. Financial benefit was assessed by the difference of funds allocated on the basis of CDSS, before and after completion of the missing data. RESULTS In 2009, 383 out of the 35,000 patients presented with bacteremia. When missing CDSS codes were added, a financial gain of 229,291 euros was obtained, concerning 64 patients. CONCLUSION Bacteremia surveillance is a transversal task based on quality of care, which may have a positive financial impact. This study may be helpful for clinicians with transversal activities, for whom financial valorization is difficult to implement in the CDSS, particularly without hospitalization beds. The lack of complete notification in the CDSS may cause a substantial financial loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nguyen
- Infectiologie, centre hospitalier Béthune, Béthune cedex, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antibiotic resistance continues to rise, whereas development of new agents to counter it has slowed. A heightened need exists to maintain the effectiveness of currently available agents. This review focuses on the need for better antimicrobial stewardship, expected benefits of well designed antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs), and provides suggestions for development of an effective ASP. RECENT FINDINGS Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a significant cause of poor treatment outcomes and elevated healthcare and societal costs worldwide. HAIs are often caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens; overuse of antibiotics has been linked with antibiotic resistance. Benefits of improved antimicrobial stewardship include reduced emergence of antibiotic resistance, limitation of drug-related adverse events, minimization of other consequences of antibiotic use (e.g., superinfection), and reduction of societal and healthcare-related costs. In 2007, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) provided guidelines for the development of institutional programs to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Experiences at The Ohio State University Medical Center (OSUMC) reinforce this message, while providing specific examples of ways to optimize ASP development and implementation. The focus of an ASP should be on improving quality of care, reducing drug resistance, and cost savings. When implementing an ASP, it is important to identify those most likely to resist the ASP, understand their concerns, and develop easy-to-understand messages that address these concerns and highlight the benefits of the proposed changes. Antibiograms play a key role in identifying local and interdepartmental trends in antibiotic susceptibility or resistance. These data are important not only in devising best-treatment practices for the institution, but also in evaluating the impact of a recently implemented ASP. Other measures of the impact of an ASP should include patient outcomes and overall costs or savings. SUMMARY Better antimicrobial stewardship is needed to limit the emergence of antibiotic resistance, prolong the effectiveness of currently available agents, improve patient outcomes, and reduce healthcare and societal costs associated with HAIs. Guidelines from the IDSA/SHEA and experiences at OSUMC provide examples of how best to develop an institutional ASP to accomplish these goals.
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Gandhi TN, DePestel DD, Collins CD, Nagel J, Washer LL. Managing antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:S315-23. [PMID: 20647789 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181e6a2a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The challenges in managing patients with infection in the intensive care unit are increased in an era where there are dwindling antimicrobial choices for multidrug-resistant pathogens. Clinicians in the intensive care unit must balance between choosing appropriate antimicrobial treatment for patients with suspected infection and utilizing antimicrobials in a judicious fashion. Improving antimicrobial utilization is a critical component to reducing antimicrobial resistance. Although providing effective antimicrobial therapy and improving antimicrobial utilization may seem to be competing goals, there are effective strategies to accomplish both. Antimicrobial stewardship programs provide an organized way to implement these strategies and can enhance the intensive care unit physician's success in improving patient outcomes and combating antimicrobial resistance in the intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejal N Gandhi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Manuel O, Burnand B, Bady P, Kammerlander R, Vansantvoet M, Francioli P, Zanetti G. Impact of standardised review of intravenous antibiotic therapy 72 hours after prescription in two internal medicine wards. J Hosp Infect 2010; 74:326-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Antimicrobial stewardship program directed at broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics prescription in a tertiary hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28:1447-56. [PMID: 19727869 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-009-0803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) is a major strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance and to limit its expenditure. We have improved on our existing ASP to implement a sustainable and cost-effective two-stage immediate concurrent feedback (ICF) model, in which the antimicrobial prescription is audited by two part-time infection control nurses at the first stage, followed by "physician ICF" at the second stage. In January 2005, an ASP focused on broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics was implemented. All in-patients, except from the intensive care, bone marrow transplantation, liver transplantation, pediatric, and private units, being treated with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics were included. The compliance to ICF and "physician ICF", antibiotics usage density measured by expenditure and defined daily doses (DDD) were recorded and analyzed before and after the ASP. The overall conformance rate to antibiotic prescription guidelines was 79.4%, while the conformance to ICF was 83.8%. Antibiotics consumption reduced from 73.06 (baseline, year 2004) to 64.01 (year 2007) per 1,000 patient bed-day-occupancy. Our model can be easily applied even in the clinical setting of limited resources.
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32
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Evans HL, Sawyer RG. Preventing Bacterial Resistance in Surgical Patients. Surg Clin North Am 2009; 89:501-19, x. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Scheetz MH, Bolon MK, Postelnick M, Noskin GA, Lee TA. Cost-effectiveness analysis of an antimicrobial stewardship team on bloodstream infections: a probabilistic analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:816-25. [PMID: 19202150 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the cost-effectiveness of Antimicrobial Stewardship Teams (ASTs) on the reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with nosocomial bacteraemia. METHODS A decision analytic model compared costs and outcomes of bacteraemic patients receiving standard treatment with or without an AST consult. Patients with a bacteraemic event during their hospital admission were included in the model. Effectiveness was estimated as quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over the lifetime of patients. Model variables and costs, along with their distributions, were obtained from the literature and expert opinion. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated to estimate the cost per QALY gained from the hospital perspective. Uncertainty in ICERs was evaluated with probabilistic sensitivity analyses. The cost-effectiveness of clinical decision support systems was evaluated as a secondary analysis. RESULTS Implementing an AST for bacteraemia review cost $39,737 (95% CI $27,272-53, 017) and standard treatment cost $39,563 (95% CI $27,164-52,797). The difference in effectiveness between the two strategies was 0.08 QALYs, and the base case ICER from the probabilistic analysis was $2367 per QALY gained [95% CI dominant (less costly, more effective) to $24,379]. Results from the probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated there was more than a 90% likelihood that an AST would be cost-effective at a level of $10,000 per QALY. CONCLUSIONS Maintaining an AST to improve care for bacteraemia is cost-effective from the hospital perspective. The estimate of $2367 per QALY gained for the AST intervention compares favourably with many currently funded healthcare interventions and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Scheetz
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Midwestern University Chicago College of Pharmacy, Downers Grove, IL, USA.
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Antimicrobial optimisation in secondary care: the pharmacist as part of a multidisciplinary antimicrobial programme—a literature review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 31:511-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Thirty to 50% of hospitalized patients receive antimicrobial therapy. Previous data suggest that inappropriate use results in higher mortality rates, longer lengths of stay, and increased medical costs. Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) reduce the improper use of antimicrobials and improve patient safety. Despite increased awareness about the benefits of these programs, few pediatric ASPs exist and fewer comprehensive studies evaluate their effects. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted to describe the use and impact of a pediatric ASP. Data were collected on the clinician's request for targeted antibiotics and the interventions made by the ASP. Retrospective chart review was performed to assess outcomes and compliance on empiric antimicrobial therapy decisions and recommendations to discontinue antimicrobial therapy. RESULTS During the 4-month study period, calls were placed to the ASP for 652 patients. Forty-five percent of those calls required an intervention by the ASP. These interventions included: (1) Targeting the known or suspected pathogens (20%); (2) Consultation (43%); (3) Optimize antimicrobial treatment (33%); and (4) Stop antimicrobial treatment (4%). Three of the 84 (3.5%) patients recommended to receive alternative therapy developed an infection not covered by the ASP recommendations or the antimicrobial initially requested by the clinician. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that an ASP improves the appropriate use of antimicrobial medications in hospitalized children. In addition, the ASP plays an integral role in providing guidance to clinicians and ensures that the appropriate antimicrobial agents are used.
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von Gunten V, Reymond JP, Beney J. Clinical and economic outcomes of pharmaceutical services related to antibiotic use: a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 29:146-63. [PMID: 17273907 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-006-9042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE REVIEW To identify and review the clinical and economic impact of pharmacists' interventions on antibiotic use. METHOD A literature search was conducted on Medline (1966-2003) to identify original articles measuring the impact of pharmacists' interventions on antimicrobial therapy at patient's or prescriber's level. RESULTS Forty-three articles were included: 20 uncontrolled before-after studies, four controlled before-after studies, five controlled trials, 12 randomized controlled trials and two interrupted time series (ITS). The described interventions were grouped into four categories: patient-specific recommendations (pharmacists' interventions concerning patient-specific drug therapy), implementation of policies, education, and therapeutic drug monitoring. These interventions were often combined to provide a multifaceted intervention, making it difficult to isolate the impact of one specific intervention. Measured outcomes were: appropriateness of prescribing (evaluated in 17 studies, 16 showing significant improvement), costs (analysed in 22 studies, nine showing a statistically significant reduction in costs after or with the intervention), and length of hospital stay (mixed results). Other measured outcomes were: drug use, prescriptions, length of treatment, dose intervals, switch to oral route, mortality rate, and treatment failure. CONCLUSION Over the years, the number of studies and quality of methodology has increased. The most frequently observed outcomes with a positive impact were appropriateness of prescribing and cost savings. The vast majority of studies used multiple interventions, in conjunction with pharmacists' recommendations to physicians. Coupled with the use of practice guidelines or educational strategies, these interventions demonstrated a positive impact on economic or clinical outcomes. However, the data are still sparse and sometimes contradictory; therefore, further studies with randomized controlled designs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera von Gunten
- Division of Pharmacy, Institut Central des Hôpitaux Valaisans, Sion, Switzerland.
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37
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Dellit TH, Owens RC, McGowan JE, Gerding DN, Weinstein RA, Burke JP, Huskins WC, Paterson DL, Fishman NO, Carpenter CF, Brennan PJ, Billeter M, Hooton TM. Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 44:159-77. [PMID: 17173212 DOI: 10.1086/510393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2288] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H Dellit
- Harborview Medical Center and the University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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38
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Evaluation of a Formulary Change on Outcome of Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance in a Medical Intensive Care Unit. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01.idc.0000227714.88635.a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Weese JS. Investigation of antimicrobial use and the impact of antimicrobial use guidelines in a small animal veterinary teaching hospital: 1995-2004. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 228:553-8. [PMID: 16478430 DOI: 10.2460/javma.228.4.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate patterns of antimicrobial use and the impact of antimicrobial use guidelines at a small animal veterinary teaching hospital. DESIGN Retrospective study. SAMPLE POPULATION All antimicrobial prescriptions for dogs and cats admitted to the hospital in 1995 through 2004. PROCEDURE Pharmacy records were reviewed, and antimicrobial prescriptions for all dogs and cats admitted during the study period were recorded. Amounts of individual drugs dispensed directly to the intensive care and surgical units were determined. Changes in antimicrobial use during the study period were assessed; changes in antimicrobial use patterns in 2000 through 2004 were evaluated to assess the impact of implementation of antimicrobial use guidelines in 2001. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in prescriptions/1,000 admissions during the study period. From 1995 to 2004, the use of first-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, and trimethoprim-sulfonamides decreased, whereas the use of metronidazole increased. The use of first-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and penicillins decreased from 2000 to 2004. First-line drugs accounted for 90.7% of prescriptions during the study period. The use of third-line drugs decreased from 2000 to 2004. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Characterization of antimicrobial use is an important step in defining and evaluating the prudent use of antimicrobials. Whereas the true effect of antimicrobial use guidelines is unclear, these results suggest that the guidelines may have had an effect on antimicrobial prescription patterns in this small animal veterinary teaching hospital. Analysis of objective data regarding antimicrobial use and changes in antimicrobial use patterns over time is important in veterinary practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Weese
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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40
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Waites KB. Effective communication of antimicrobial susceptibility data by pathologists to clinicians. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 563:165-77. [PMID: 16433131 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32025-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As antimicrobial-resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections continue to emerge over time, influenced by selective pressure, and the costs of treating these infections increase, the ability of microbiology laboratories to accurately detect drug resistant bacteria and communicate susceptibility test results effectively to clinicians in a timely manner is more important than ever. Ongoing cooperation and coordination of activities among clinical pathologists, technical personnel, pharmacy, clinical services, and infection control using up-to-date laboratory methodologies and interpretive criteria to develop laboratory reports that are transmitted efficiently through computerized communication systems for use within each particular institution are essential to provide optimum patient care, control resistance, and conserve resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken B Waites
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
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41
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Abstract
Antimicrobial stewardship programs in hospitals seek to optimize antimicrobial prescribing in order to improve individual patient care as well as reduce hospital costs and slow the spread of antimicrobial resistance. With antimicrobial resistance on the rise worldwide and few new agents in development, antimicrobial stewardship programs are more important than ever in ensuring the continued efficacy of available antimicrobials. The design of antimicrobial management programs should be based on the best current understanding of the relationship between antimicrobial use and resistance. Such programs should be administered by multidisciplinary teams composed of infectious diseases physicians, clinical pharmacists, clinical microbiologists, and infection control practitioners and should be actively supported by hospital administrators. Strategies for changing antimicrobial prescribing behavior include education of prescribers regarding proper antimicrobial usage, creation of an antimicrobial formulary with restricted prescribing of targeted agents, and review of antimicrobial prescribing with feedback to prescribers. Clinical computer systems can aid in the implementation of each of these strategies, especially as expert systems able to provide patient-specific data and suggestions at the point of care. Antibiotic rotation strategies control the prescribing process by scheduled changes of antimicrobial classes used for empirical therapy. When instituting an antimicrobial stewardship program, a hospital should tailor its choice of strategies to its needs and available resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan MacDougall
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA.
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von Gunten V, Troillet N, Beney J, Boubaker K, Lüthi JC, Taffé P, Reymond JP. Impact of an interdisciplinary strategy on antibiotic use: a prospective controlled study in three hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55:362-6. [PMID: 15705638 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluation of the impact of the implementation of practice guidelines, with or without their reinforcement by a pharmacist, on the intra-hospital use of antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The duration of antibiotic treatment, their cost, and the length of patient stay were compared in three secondary-care hospitals, before and after interventions that were designed to promote rational antibiotic use. After randomization, hospital A received no intervention (control), local practice guidelines were implemented in hospital B (low grade intervention), and these guidelines were reinforced by a clinical pharmacist in hospital C (high grade intervention). Adherence to the guidelines was measured in hospitals B and C. Multivariable statistical analyses were carried out to adjust for confounding factors. RESULTS None of the outcomes measured in the 1200 included patients decreased between the two study periods in any hospital. Hospital A was significantly and independently associated with an increase in the duration of antibiotic treatments, the cost of antibiotics (acquisition and global costs), and the length of stay. Although these differences were not statistically significant, increases in hospital B were higher than in hospital C. Adherence to guidelines was significantly higher in hospital C. CONCLUSIONS Even though interdisciplinary interventions aiming at rationalizing antibiotic use could not diminish the duration of treatments, their costs or the length of stay, they proved useful to control the progression of these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- V von Gunten
- Division of Pharmacy, Central Institute of the Valais Hospitals, Sion, Switzerland.
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Shulman L, Ost D. Managing infection in the critical care unit: how can infection control make the ICU safe? Crit Care Clin 2005; 21:111-28, ix. [PMID: 15579356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this article is to use ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) as a prototype for nosocomial infections to explore the issues of patient safety and infection control. To do this, we review disease-specific aspects of VAP, develop a brief working definition of patient safety, and then determine how the concepts of infection control fit into the broader context of patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Shulman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Paskovaty A, Pflomm JM, Myke N, Seo SK. A multidisciplinary approach to antimicrobial stewardship: evolution into the 21st century. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 25:1-10. [PMID: 15620820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the 21st century, we face the problems of escalating antibiotic resistance, difficult-to-treat infections and slowed new drug development. Healthcare practitioners are increasingly recognising the importance of good antimicrobial stewardship. Various strategies such as formulary management, prior approval, clinical pathways, post-prescribing evaluation and intravenous to oral conversion have been used singly or in combination to improve prescribing and reduce costs. Combining a multifaceted approach with a full-time dedicated multidisciplinary team appears to be capable of yielding satisfactory clinical and economic outcomes and most importantly, sustaining efforts of antimicrobial stewardship. The multidisciplinary approach to antibiotic management should be tailored to fit the individual needs of an institution. More data are needed to document effects on curbing resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paskovaty
- Department of Pharmacy, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Diekema DJ, Lee K, Raney P, Herwaldt LA, Doern GV, Tenover FC. Accuracy and appropriateness of antimicrobial susceptibility test reporting for bacteria isolated from blood cultures. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:2258-60. [PMID: 15131206 PMCID: PMC404617 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.5.2258-2260.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) and appropriate reporting of AST results for pathogens isolated from blood cultures are critical functions of the microbiology laboratory. We studied AST performance and reporting from positive blood cultures at hospital microbiology laboratories in Iowa. One hundred sixteen episodes of bacteremia from 14 participating hospitals were examined. We detected AST or identification errors for 18 episodes (16%) and judged reporting of AST results to be inappropriate for 38 episodes (33%). Further study is necessary to determine the impact of testing errors and suboptimal reporting of results on the management of bloodstream infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Diekema
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, USA.
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Rüttimann S, Keck B, Hartmeier C, Maetzel A, Bucher HC. Long‐Term Antibiotic Cost Savings from a Comprehensive Intervention Program in a Medical Department of a University‐Affiliated Teaching Hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:348-56. [PMID: 14727204 DOI: 10.1086/380964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2003] [Accepted: 09/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested a low-cost, multifaceted intervention program comprising formulary restriction measures, continued comprehensive education, and guidelines to improve in-hospital use of antibiotics and related costs. In a short-term analysis, total antibiotic consumption per patient admitted, which was expressed as defined daily doses (DDD), decreased by 36% (P < .001), and intravenous DDDs decreased by 46% (P < .01). Overall expenditures for antibiotic treatment decreased by 53% (100 US dollars per patient admitted). The 2 main cost-lowering factors were a reduction in prescription of antibiotics (35% fewer treatments; P < .0001) and more diligent use of 5 broad-spectrum antibiotics (23% vs. 10% of treatments; P = .001). Quality of care was not compromised. A pharmacy-based, prospective, long-term surveillance of DDDs and costs over 4 years showed an ongoing effect. This comprehensive intervention program, which aimed to reduce antibiotic consumption and costs, was highly successful and had long-lasting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigmund Rüttimann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
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Schlemmer B, Jury de la conférence de consensus. Comment améliorer la qualité de l’antibiothérapie dans les établissements de soins ? Med Mal Infect 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(03)00198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Knox K, Lawson W, Dean B, Holmes A. Multidisciplinary antimicrobial management and the role of the infectious diseases pharmacist--a UK perspective. J Hosp Infect 2003; 53:85-90. [PMID: 12586565 DOI: 10.1053/jhin.2002.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Improved clinical outcome, patient safety, cost savings and a reduction in the burden of antimicrobial resistance are outcomes associated with optimizing antimicrobial use. Despite this, the misuse of antimicrobials in the hospital setting remains a huge problem. The development of antimicrobial management teams and the promotion of the role of the clinical pharmacist in antimicrobial prescribing are recommended strategies for improving prescribing practice. It is recognized that there is a lack of published evidence-based research looking at the effects of antimicrobial control programmes and there is a need for more data. In the UK, the role of the hospital pharmacist in promoting responsible antimicrobial prescribing has been largely undervalued and needs to be encouraged and formalized in line with current directives. Managerial structures within hospitals need to endorse multidisciplinary antimicrobial management schemes with appropriate authoritative, administrative and information technology support.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Knox
- Department of Microbiology, St George's Hospital, London, UK.
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Garo B. En quoi le clinicien contribue-t-il à l’amélioration de la qualité de l’antibiothérapie ? Med Mal Infect 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(02)00440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Beaucaire G. Améliorer la prescription d'antibiotiques à l'hôpital : comment ? Formation, organisation, évaluation : évaluation et action. Med Mal Infect 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(02)00443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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