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Spielmann H, Lovell WW, Hölzle E, Johnson BE, Maurer T, Miranda MA, Pape WJ, Sapora O, Sladowski D. In Vitro Phototoxicity Testing. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299402200503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Horst Spielmann
- ZEBET, Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin (BgVV), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Will W. Lovell
- Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Erhard Hölzle
- Department of Dermatology, Hautklinik, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Martiuistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brian E. Johnson
- Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Thomas Maurer
- Preclinical Safety K135.284, Ciba-Geigy Ltd, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang J.W. Pape
- Department of Biocompatibility K.St. 4232, Beiersdorf AG, D-20253 Hamburg 20, Germany
| | - Orazio Sapora
- Comparative Toxicology Laboratory, Instituto Superiorè di Sanita, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Dariusz Sladowski
- “Department of Transplantology, Institute for Biostructure, University Medical School, Warsaw 02–004, Poland
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Okamoto Y, Ryu A, Ohkoshi K. In Vitro Alternatives and Phototoxicity Testing. II. Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species in In Vitro Phototoxicity Assays. Altern Lab Anim 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299902700407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of reactive oxygen species (including singlet oxygen) in two in vitro phototoxicity assays — the 3T3 cell neutral red uptake phototoxicity (3T3 NRU PT) assay and the photohaemolysis assay — were assessed by using scavengers. Fifteen test substances, which had previously been shown to be phototoxic in vitro, were assessed. Eleven of these produced singlet oxygen. The major factor in the photodynamic reaction of bithionol was thought to be a Type I reaction, because bithionol did not produce singlet oxygen and did not react to histidine. Acridine was regarded as a Type II substance, because of the evident effect of histidine as a scavenger. 8-Methoxypsoralen and 5-methoxypsoralen produced singlet oxygen, but their actions were not affected by the scavengers. In this study, we confirmed that reactive oxygen species have great effects in in vitro phototoxicity, and that the 3T3 NRU PT assay can be used to detect effects which are thought to be the direct reaction of an excited photosensitiser to biological substrates (Type III reaction), for example, 8-methoxypsoralen. Therefore, we suggest that photohaemolysis and phototoxicity could be used to evaluate the photodynamic mechanisms of photosensitising chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuko Okamoto
- Research Laboratory, Kosé Corporation, 1-18-4 Azusawa, Itabash-ku, Tokyo 174-0051, Japan
| | - Akemi Ryu
- Research Laboratory, Kosé Corporation, 1-18-4 Azusawa, Itabash-ku, Tokyo 174-0051, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohkoshi
- Research Laboratory, Kosé Corporation, 1-18-4 Azusawa, Itabash-ku, Tokyo 174-0051, Japan
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Okamoto Y, Ryu A, Ohkoshi K. In Vitro Alternatives and Phototoxicity Testing. I. Evaluation of In Vitro Phototoxicity Assays. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 27:639-64. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299902700406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three in vitro phototoxicity assays — the photohaemolysis assay, the haemoglobin (Hb) photo-oxidation assay, and the 3T3 cell neutral red uptake phototoxicity (3T3 NRU PT) assay — were evaluated for use as screening methods in predicting the phototoxicity of test substances. Twenty-seven test substances, including cosmetic ingredients and drugs, were assessed in this study. The phototoxicity predicted in each assay was compared with that in guinea-pigs. In total, nine phototoxic substances used in this study could be detected by some of the in vitro phototoxicity assays. Eleven test substances regarded as non-phototoxic in vivo were predicted as non-phototoxic in the in vitro assays. Of the eight false positives revealed in some of the in vitro assays, five are believed to be photo-allergens. This suggests that in vitro phototoxicity assays might not be able to discriminate clearly between in vivo phototoxicity and in vivo photo-allergy, because the mechanisms in both processes are based on photodynamic reactions. The predictability of the three in vitro assays was comparatively good, but positive predictive values were low. The equivalence values of the photohaemolysis assay, the Hb photo-oxidation assay and the 3T3 NRU PT assay were 81%, 70% and 70%, respectively. From these results, we suggest that the three in vitro phototoxicity assays could be used as screens in predicting phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuko Okamoto
- Research Laboratory, Kosé Corporation, 1-18-4 Azusawa, Itabash-ku, Tokyo 174-0051, Japan
| | - Akemi Ryu
- Research Laboratory, Kosé Corporation, 1-18-4 Azusawa, Itabash-ku, Tokyo 174-0051, Japan
| | - Kenji Ohkoshi
- Research Laboratory, Kosé Corporation, 1-18-4 Azusawa, Itabash-ku, Tokyo 174-0051, Japan
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Zoltan T, Vargas F, López V, Chávez V, Rivas C, Ramírez ÁH. Influence of charge and metal coordination of meso-substituted porphyrins on bacterial photoinactivation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 135:747-756. [PMID: 25145918 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The photodynamic effect of meso-substituted porphyrins with different charges and metal ions: meso-tetraphenylporphyrin tetrasulfonate 1, its nickel 2 and zinc complexes 3; meso-tetranaphthylporphyrin tetrasulfonate 4, and its zinc complex Zn 5; and tetra piridyl ethylacetate porphirins 6 and their nickel 7 and zinc 8 complexes, were synthesized and studied their antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. Fluorescence quantum yields (ΦF) were measured in water using reference TPPS4, obtaining higher values for complexes 3 and 4. The singlet oxygen ΦΔ were measured using histidine as trapping singlet oxygen and Rose Bengal as a reference standard. Complexes 1, 2 and 6 have the highest quantum yields of singlet oxygen formation, showing no relation with the peripheral charges and efficiency as Type II photosensitizers. Meanwhile complexes 3, 8 and 4 were the most efficient in producing radical species, determined with their reaction with NADH. The photoinduced antibacterial activity of complex was investigated at different concentrations of the photosensitizers with an irradiation time of 30 min. The higher antibacterial activities were obtained for the complexes 1-3 that are those with greater production of ROS and minor structural deformations. Complexes 7 and 8 had moderate activity, while 4-6 a low activity. Thus, in this work demonstrates that the production of ROS and structural deformations due to peripheral substituents and metal coordination, influence the activity of the complexes studied. Therefore, is important to perform comprehensive study physics and structurally when predicting or explain such activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zoltan
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas I.V.I.C., Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
| | - Franklin Vargas
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas I.V.I.C., Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Verónica López
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas I.V.I.C., Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Valery Chávez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Celular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas I.V.I.C., Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Carlos Rivas
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas I.V.I.C., Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Álvaro H Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biología de virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas I.V.I.C., Apartado 20632, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
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Synthesis, primary photophysical and antibacterial properties of naphthyl ester cinoxacin and nalidixic acid derivatives. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 92:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zoltan T, Vargas F, Izzo C. UV-Vis Spectrophotometrical and Analytical Methodology for the Determination of Singlet Oxygen in New Antibacterials Drugs. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2007. [DOI: 10.4137/117739010700200015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We have determined and quantified spectrophotometrically the capacity of producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) as 1O2 during the photolysis with UV-A light of 5 new synthesized naphthyl ester derivates of well-known quinolone antibacterials (nalidixic acid (1), cinoxacin (2), norfloxacin (3), ciprofloxacin (4) and enoxacin (5)). The ability of the naphthyl ester derivatives (6-10) to generate singlet oxygen were detecting and for the first time quantified by the histidine assay, a sensitive, fast and inexpensive method. The following tendency of generation of singlet oxygen was observed: compounds 7 >10 > 6 > 8 > 9 >> parent drugs 1-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zoltan
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Franklin Vargas
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Carla Izzo
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
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Chobot V, Vytlacilová J, Kubicová L, Opletal L, Jahodár L, Laakso I, Vuorela P. Phototoxic activity of a thiophene polyacetylene from Leuzea carthamoides. Fitoterapia 2006; 77:194-8. [PMID: 16488556 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The thiophene polyacetylene (E)-1-[5-(hept-5-en-1,3-diynyl)-2-thienyl]ethan-1,2-diol, isolated from the roots of Leuzea carthamoides, showed phototoxic activity in the assay systems of histidine photo-oxidation, Artemia and Tubifex assays. The effects were compared with the standard photosensitizer xanthotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Chobot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Vargas F, Rivas C, Díaz Y, Fuentes A. Photodegradation pathways and the in vitro phototoxicity of pyrazinamide, a phototoxic antitubercular drug. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2003; 72:87-94. [PMID: 14644570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2003.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The phototoxic antitubercular drug pyrazinamide (1) is photolabile under irradiation with UV-A light as well as with a N2 laser (at 337 nm) in aerobic conditions. Irradiation in methanolic and in aqueous solutions of 1 produces four and three photoproducts, respectively. Their formation involves primary alpha-cleavage between the excited carbonyl of the amido group and the aromatic ring followed by hydrogen abstraction and dimerization. Pyrazinamide was able to cause photohemolysis in human erythrocytes and peroxidation of linoleic acid. Inhibition of both processes on addition of reduced glutathione (GSH) or ascorbic acid suggests the involvement of radicals. The absence of inhibition of the photohemolysis and lipid peroxidation processes in the presence of sodium azide (NaN3), or irradiation under argon, and the absence of singlet oxygen during the photolysis confirmed with 2,5-dimethylfuran rules out the possibility of participation of 1O2 in this process. Glutathione depletion was also observed. A radical intermediate was evidenced by thiobarbituric acid that was used as a radical probe, as well as by the dimerization of cysteine. No photohemolysis was detected in presence of the isolated photoproduct. We have also determined the relative efficiencies for the formation of single strand breaks after the irradiation of pBR322 DNA and pyrazinamide, which was also reduced in the presence of GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Vargas
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas I.V.I.C., Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
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Vargas F, Rivas C, Fuentes A, Cheng AT, Velutini G. The photochemistry of dipyridamole. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vargas F, Cheng AT, Velutini G, Marcano E, Sánchez Y, Fraile G, Velásquez M. In vitro antioxidant and photo-oxidant properties of dipyridamole. Int J Toxicol 2001; 20:363-8. [PMID: 11797818 DOI: 10.1080/109158101753333640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro antioxidant and photo-oxidant activity of dipyridamole was studied by its effect on superoxide- and singlet oxygen-mediated photohemolysis and viability of neutrophils. Dipyridamole was found to be phototoxic when examined by the photohemolysis on human erythrocytes and on linoleic acid as lipid peroxidation model at concentrations above 3.0 x 10(-5) M. On the contrary, when lower concentrations (1.0 x 10(-5) to 1.0 x 10(-6) M) were used, dipyridamole showed a protector action against singlet oxygen-mediated photohemolysis by other phototoxic compounds like triamterene. This antioxidant property is proposed to result from quenching of triamterene mediated by fluorescence energy transfer. Auto-oxidation and fluorescence-energy transfer is clearly an important mechanism for protection for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vargas
- Laboratorio de Fotoquimica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Vargas F, Fuentes A, Sequera J, Méndez H, Fraile G, Velásquez M, Medina R. In Vitro Approach to investigating the phototoxicity of the diuretic drug triamterene. Toxicol In Vitro 1998; 12:661-7. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(98)00057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/1998] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vargas F, Hisbeth MV, Rojas JK. Photolysis and photosensitized degradation of the diuretic drug acetazolamide. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(98)00359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Vargas F, Martinez Volkmar I, Sequera J, Mendez H, Rojas J, Fraile G, Velasquez M, Medina R. Photodegradation and phototoxicity studies of furosemide. Involvement of singlet oxygen in the photoinduced hemolysis and lipid peroxidation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 1998; 42:219-25. [PMID: 9595711 DOI: 10.1016/s1011-1344(98)00074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The phototoxic diuretic drug furosemide (1), a 5-(aminosulfonyl)-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)-amino] benzoic acid is photolabile under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Irradiation of a methanol solution of 1 under oxygen produces photoproducts 2, 3, 4 and singlet oxygen, while under argon the photoproducts 2 and 4 were isolated. A peroxidic unstable photoproduct was detected during the photolysis under oxygen atmosphere. The formation of singlet oxygen by photolysis of 1 was evidenced by trapping with 2,5-dimethylfuran (GC-mass), furfuryl alcohol and 1,3-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diethanoate (HPLC) as 1O2 scavengers and by the histidine test. Furosemide was screened in vitro at different concentrations for UV-Vis-induced phototoxic effects in a photohemolysis test, in the presence and absence of different radical scavengers, singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical quenchers. However, furosemide photosensitized the peroxidation of linoleic acid, as monitored by the UV-detection of dienic hydroperoxides and it also photosensitized the oxidation of histidine. The photodegradation was catalyzed in the presence of human serum albumin. Studies on peripheral blood mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells (lymphocytes and neutrophils) demonstrated no phototoxicity on these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vargas
- Laboratorio de Fotoquímica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas I.V.I.C., Caracas, Venezuela
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Lovell W. A scheme for in vitro screening of substances for photoallergenic potential. Toxicol In Vitro 1993; 7:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(93)90117-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/1992] [Revised: 08/04/1992] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
The photoirritant potential of topically applied chemicals was studied using guinea-pigs. Solutions of test chemicals were applied to the skin, and after 30 min the animals were irradiated with near-ultraviolet radiation. Skin reactions were assessed subjectively between 3 and 72 hr after the start of treatment. Acridine and anthracene caused immediate photoirritation, whereas reaction to 8-methoxy-psoralen (8-MOP) was delayed; acridine was weakly active compared with the strong photoirritancy of anthracene and 8-MOP. Ethanol and a mixture of dimethylacetamide-acetone-ethanol (DAE) were satisfactory solvents, and a time interval of 15 to 30 min between application and irradiation was optimal. It is concluded that animal tests should not be recommended if ingredients have negligible absorption of sunlight. The safety hazard of ingredients absorbing near-ultraviolet and visible radiation may be assessed by laboratory animal procedures to satisfy governmental regulations. The use of guinea-pigs allows the study to act as a preliminary test for the selection of non-photoirritant concentrations for photoallergy testing and reduction of animal numbers. The risk to consumers of photoactive products may be properly assessed by human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Lovell
- Environmental Safety Laboratory, Unilever Research, Colworth House, Sharnbrook, Bedford, UK
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