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Meeuwis SH, van Middendorp H, van Laarhoven AIM, van Leijenhorst C, Pacheco-Lopez G, Lavrijsen APM, Veldhuijzen DS, Evers AWM. Placebo and nocebo effects for itch and itch-related immune outcomes: A systematic review of animal and human studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:325-337. [PMID: 32240668 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Placebo and nocebo effects can influence somatic symptoms such as pain. For itch and other dermatological symptoms these effects have been far less investigated. This review systematically integrates evidence from both animal (mainly rodents) and human trials on placebo and nocebo effects in itch, itch-related symptoms and conditions of the skin and mucous membranes, and related immune outcomes (e.g., histamine). Thirty-one animal studies, and fifty-five human studies (k = 21 healthy participants, k = 34 patients) were included. Overall, studies consistently show that placebo and nocebo effects can be induced by various methods (e.g., suggestions, conditioning and social cues), despite high heterogeneity across studies. Effects of suggestions were found consistently across subjective and behavioral parameters (e.g., itch and scratching in humans), whereas conditioning was likely to impact physiological parameters under certain conditions (e.g., conditioning of histamine levels in stressed rodents). Brain areas responsible for itch processing were associated with nocebo effects. Future research may investigate how variations in methods impact placebo and nocebo effects, and whether all symptoms and conditions can be influenced equally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie H Meeuwis
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Henriët van Middendorp
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antoinette I M van Laarhoven
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Cora van Leijenhorst
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Lopez
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Health Sciences Department, Lerma, 52005, Edo Mex, Mexico
| | - Adriana P M Lavrijsen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Dieuwke S Veldhuijzen
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea W M Evers
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9555, 2300RB, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Lückemann L, Unteroberdörster M, Kirchhof J, Schedlowski M, Hadamitzky M. Applications and limitations of behaviorally conditioned immunopharmacological responses. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 142:91-98. [PMID: 28216206 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The importance of placebo responses for the treatment of various medical conditions has increasingly been recognized, whereas knowledge and systematic application in clinical settings are still sparse. One possible application for placebo responses in pharmacotherapy is given by learning paradigms, such as behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression, aiming at drug dose reduction while maintaining therapeutic efficacy of drug treatment. In an established learning paradigm of conditioned taste aversion/avoidance (CTA) in both, rats and humans, respectively, a novel-tasting drinking solution (conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with an injection of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) as unconditioned stimulus (US). The conditioned response, evoked by re-presenting the CS alone at a later time, is reflected by avoidance behavior of consuming the solution (conditioned taste aversion; CTA) and a diminished interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ cytokine production as well as mRNA expression of rat splenic T cells or human peripheral T lymphocytes, closely mimicking the immunosuppressive effects of CsA. However, due to unreinforced CS-re-exposure conditioned responses progressively decreases over time (extinction), reflecting a considerable challenge for potential clinical applications of this learned immunosuppression. The present article discusses and critically reviews actual approaches, applications but also limitations of learning paradigms in immune pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lückemann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Meike Unteroberdörster
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Kirchhof
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Hadamitzky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Schedlowski M, Enck P, Rief W, Bingel U. Neuro-Bio-Behavioral Mechanisms of Placebo and Nocebo Responses: Implications for Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 67:697-730. [PMID: 26126649 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The placebo effect has often been considered a nuisance in basic and particularly clinical research. This view has gradually changed in recent years due to deeper insight into the neuro-bio-behavioral mechanisms steering both the placebo and nocebo responses, the evil twin of placebo. For the neuroscientist, placebo and nocebo responses have evolved as indispensable tools to understand brain mechanisms that link cognitive and emotional factors with symptom perception as well as peripheral physiologic systems and end organ functioning. For the clinical investigator, better understanding of the mechanisms driving placebo and nocebo responses allow the control of these responses and thereby help to more precisely define the efficacy of a specific pharmacological intervention. Finally, in the clinical context, the systematic exploitation of these mechanisms will help to maximize placebo responses and minimize nocebo responses for the patient's benefit. In this review, we summarize and critically examine the neuro-bio-behavioral mechanisms underlying placebo and nocebo responses that are currently known in terms of different diseases and physiologic systems. We subsequently elaborate on the consequences of this knowledge for pharmacological treatments of patients and the implications for pharmacological research, the training of healthcare professionals, and for the health care system and future research strategies on placebo and nocebo responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology (M.S.) and Department of Neurology (U.B.), University Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (P.E.); and Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Paul Enck
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology (M.S.) and Department of Neurology (U.B.), University Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (P.E.); and Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Winfried Rief
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology (M.S.) and Department of Neurology (U.B.), University Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (P.E.); and Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany (W.R.)
| | - Ulrike Bingel
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology (M.S.) and Department of Neurology (U.B.), University Clinic Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine VI, Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (P.E.); and Department of Psychology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany (W.R.)
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Wendt L, Albring A, Schedlowski M. Learned placebo responses in neuroendocrine and immune functions. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2014; 225:159-181. [PMID: 25304532 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-44519-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of learned placebo responses in neuroendocrine and immune functions is a fascinating example of communication between the brain and both the endocrine and peripheral immune systems. In this chapter, we will give a short overview of afferent and efferent communication pathways, as well as the central mechanisms, which steer the behavioral conditioned immune response. Subsequently, we will focus on data that provides evidence for learned immune responses in experimental animals and learned neuroendocrine and immune placebo responses in humans. Finally, we will take a critical look at these learning protocols, to determine whether or not they can be considered a viable additional treatment option to pharmacological regimens in clinical routine. This is fundamental, since there are still a number of issues, which need to be solved, such as the potential reproducibility, predictability, and extinction of the learned neuroendocrine and immune responses. Together, these findings not only provide an excellent basis to increase our understanding of human biology but may also have far reaching clinical implications. They pave the way for the ultimate aim of employing associative learning protocols as supportive treatment strategies in pharmacological regimens. As a result, medication levels may be reduced, as well as their unwanted side effects, providing a maximized therapeutic outcome to the benefit of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wendt
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122, Essen, Germany
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Pacheco-López G, Bermúdez-Rattoni F. Brain-immune interactions and the neural basis of disease-avoidant ingestive behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:3389-405. [PMID: 22042916 PMCID: PMC3189354 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-immune interactions are widely manifested in animal physiology. Since immunity competes for energy with other physiological functions, it is subject to a circadian trade-off between other energy-demanding processes, such as neural activity, locomotion and thermoregulation. When immunity is challenged, this trade-off is tilted to an adaptive energy protecting and reallocation strategy that is identified as 'sickness behaviour'. We review diverse disease-avoidant behaviours in the context of ingestion, indicating that several adaptive advantages have been acquired by animals (including humans) during phylogenetic evolution and by ontogenetic experiences: (i) preventing waste of energy by reducing appetite and consequently foraging/hunting (illness anorexia), (ii) avoiding unnecessary danger by promoting safe environments (preventing disease encounter by olfactory cues and illness potentiation neophobia), (iii) help fighting against pathogenic threats (hyperthermia/somnolence), and (iv) by associative learning evading specific foods or environments signalling danger (conditioned taste avoidance/aversion) and/or at the same time preparing the body to counteract by anticipatory immune responses (conditioning immunomodulation). The neurobiology behind disease-avoidant ingestive behaviours is reviewed with special emphasis on the body energy balance (intake versus expenditure) and an evolutionary psychology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Physiology and Behaviour Laboratory, ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)-Zurich, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
- Neuroscience Division, Cellular Physiology Institute, UNAM (National University of Mexico), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Schedlowski M, Pacheco-López G. The learned immune response: Pavlov and beyond. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:176-85. [PMID: 19698779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to associate physiological changes with a specific flavor was most likely acquired during evolution as an adaptive strategy aimed at protecting the organism while preparing it for danger. The behaviorally conditioned or learned immune response is an exquisite example of the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral immune system. How is it possible that specific immuno-modulating properties of a drug or substance (unconditioned stimulus) can be re-enlisted just by the mere re-exposure to a particular taste, odor or environment (conditioned stimulus)? To answer this key question, we review the neurobiological mechanism mediating this type of associative learning, as well as the pathways and mechanisms employed by the brain to harness the immune system during the execution of the conditioned immune response. Finally, we focus on the potential therapeutic relevance of such learned immune responses, and their re-conceptualization within the framework of "learned placebo effects".
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Pacheco-Lopez G, Niemi MB, Engler H, Engler A, Riether C, Doenlen R, Espinosa E, Oberbeck R, Schedlowski M. Weakened [corrected] taste-LPS association during endotoxin tolerance. Physiol Behav 2007; 93:261-6. [PMID: 17920645 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In naive individuals, the administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) provokes a rapid systemic increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6, inducing an acute phase response including sickness behavior. Strong associative learning occurs when relevant gustatory/olfactory stimuli precede the activation of the immune system, affecting long-term individual food selection and nutritional strategies. Repeated LPS administration results in the development of an endotoxin tolerance status, characterized by a drastic reduction in the LPS-induced cytokine response. Here we investigated how the postprandial categorization of a relevant taste (0.2% saccharin) changed after administration of a high dose of LPS (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) in LPS-tolerant animals. Determination of the consummatory fluid intake revealed that, in contrast to LPS-naive rats, taste-LPS association did not occur during endotoxin tolerance. Ninety minutes after the single association trial, the plasma responses of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 were completely blunted in LPS-tolerant animals, which also resulted in low LPS-adipsogenic and LPS-anorexic effects. These findings indicate that an identical immune challenge can result in completely different neuro-behavioral consequences depending on the immune history of the individual, thus revealing part of the complex interconnection between the immune and neuro-endocrine systems in regulating food selection and consumption during the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pacheco-Lopez
- Chair of Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Institute for Behavioral Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Niemi MB, Pacheco-López G, Kou W, Härting M, del Rey A, Besedovsky HO, Schedlowski M. Murine taste-immune associative learning. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:527-31. [PMID: 16631347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste-immune associative learning can result from contingent pairings of an immune-competent unconditioned stimulus (US) with a gustative conditioned stimulus (CS). Recalling such an association may induce a set of physiological responses affecting behavior, endocrine, and immune functions. We have established a model of behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression employing the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine A (CsA) as the US and saccharin as the CS in rats and humans. In order to investigate the inter-species generalization of this neuro-immune interaction, we tested the feasibility of this paradigm in mice. In a single-bottle scheme, male BALB/c mice (n=5) were conditioned by conducting three association trials and a single recall trial. Control groups (n=5/group) were designed to assure associative learning, pharmacological effects of the US, and placebo effect. Results show that CsA-conditioned animals displayed significant immunosuppression in the spleen after recall, measured by in vitro T-lymphocyte proliferation, and IL-2 production. However, the same animals did not show evidence of avoidance behavior to the CS. In contrast, evoking the association of saccharin-lithium chloride (inducing gastric malaise) in another set of animals (n=4/group) resulted in significant and pronounced avoidance of the taste (CS). These animals also displayed significant suppression of splenic T-lymphocyte responsiveness after the recall phase. The present results indicate that mice seem to be capable of associating a gustative stimulus with CsA, resulting in behaviorally conditioned immunosuppression without affecting appetitive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj-Britt Niemi
- Institute for Behavioral Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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Kozai H, Yano H, Matsuda T, Kato Y. Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis in mice is caused by gliadin and glutenin treatments. Immunol Lett 2006; 102:83-90. [PMID: 16154206 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various foods may be associated with food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (FDEIAn). However, although the most frequently reported cause of FDEIAn has been wheat, the mechanism of FDEIAn for wheat has remained largely uninvestigated. To investigate the effect of wheat-fractionated proteins on FDEIAn, female B10.A mice (16-20 g) were divided into four groups; i.e. salt-soluble (S-group), gliadin-rich (GLI-group), and glutenin-rich (GLU-group)-sensitized mice, and unsensitized mice. The three sensitized groups were run on a treadmill after oral intake of each wheat-fractionated protein. The mice showed a significant increase in serum IgE, especially in the GLI- and GLU-group. After oral administration of each wheat-fractionated protein, the running time until exhaustion was remarkably shorter for the GLI- and GLU-group than for the S-group and unsensitized mice. The level of intestinal erosion was higher in all the sensitized mice than that in the unsensitized ones after exhaustive running. Furthermore, moderate exercise for 30 min after oral ingestion of each wheat-fractionated protein also induced intestinal erosion in the GLI- and GLU-group. In addition, we observed leaking of gliadin and glutenin proteins out of the intestine into the liver. These results indicated that the main factor involved in wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis might be the gliadin and glutenin in wheat proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kozai
- Department of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino, Osaka 583-8555, Japan.
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JANKOVIĆ BRANISLAVD. Neuroimmunomodulation From Phenomenology to Molecular Evidence a,b. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb23082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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JANKOVIĆ BRANISLAVD. Neuroimmunomodulation From Phenomenology to Molecular Evidence, b. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb39641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Central nervous, endocrine and immune systems (IS) are all considered to be important regulators of psychological and physical wellbeing. Research into psychoneuroimmunology became relatively widespread in the 1970s. More and more studies considered these systems to be interactive units. Disciplines ranging from anatomy to psychology revealed the IS as the target of brain and endocrine signals. Findings also suggest that the IS is active even in a bidirectional feedback loop. Today the IS is no longer regarded as autonomous and scientists begin to see the emergence of a new psychosomatic paradigm. So far, evidence for the mind-body interaction paradigm has been collected with regard to the role of nerve fibres in lymphatic tissues, the effects of brain lesions on the IS, the interplay of neurotransmitters, hormones and immunotransmitters in a network of bidirectional feedback loops between the brain and the IS, the effects of ontogeny, learning and conditioning on the development of the IS, the impact of experimental and naturally occurring stressors on the IS, the possible immune modulating effects of personality characteristics, life style and psychodynamic processes and the role of the IS in disease. Research findings in most of the mentioned topics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Kropiunigg
- Institute for Medical Psychology, University of Vienna, Austria
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Marković BM, Dimitrijević M, Janković BD. Immunomodulation by conditioning: recent developments. Int J Neurosci 1993; 71:231-49. [PMID: 8407149 DOI: 10.3109/00207459309000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B M Marković
- Immunology Research Center, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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Marković BM, Dimitrijević M, Janković BD. Anaphylactic shock in neuropsychoimmunological research. Int J Neurosci 1992; 67:271-84. [PMID: 1305638 DOI: 10.3109/00207459208994789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anaphylaxis appears to be an excellent experimental model for investigating the interactions between central nervous system (CNS) and immune system. Both afferent and efferent regulatory pathways of anaphylactic response are well characterized. The potent mediators of anaphylactic shock, such as histamine and serotonin, are at the same time neurotransmitters, acting in the CNS, and regulators/modulators of the immune system, since receptors for these substances exist on the membrane of the cells of the immune system. In this article the results of studies on the relationship between anaphylaxis and CNS, performed by both pioneers and contemporary investigators, are briefly reviewed. Recent experiments done in our laboratory are presented, which showed that (a) anaphylactic shock can be induced by intracerebroventricular administration of the shocking dose of antigen; (b) rats can learn to associate the induction of anaphylactic shock with neutral stimuli from the environment; and (c) stress in the form of electric tail-shocks reduces the intensity of anaphylactic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Marković
- Immunology Research Center, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Marković
- Immunology Research Center, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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Djurić VJ, Djordjević I, Lazarević M, Marković BM, Janković BD. Stress and anaphylactic shock. Int J Neurosci 1990; 51:231-2. [PMID: 2279872 DOI: 10.3109/00207459008999704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V J Djurić
- Immunology Research Center, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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Marković BM, Djurić VJ, Lazarević M, Janković BD. Anaphylactic shock-induced conditioned taste aversion. I. Demonstration of the phenomenon by means of three modes of CS-US presentation. Brain Behav Immun 1988; 2:11-23. [PMID: 3179507 DOI: 10.1016/0889-1591(88)90002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of three experiments was conducted to investigate whether an anaphylactic response could induce a conditioned modification of behavior. Rats sensitized to ovalbumin were subjected to a conditioning trial in which the conditioned stimulus (CS; saccharin solution) signaled the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US; shocking dose of ovalbumin), eliciting the unconditioned response (UR; anaphylactic shock). In a subsequent two-bottle preference test, immunized rats given a CS-US pairing developed a conditioned taste aversion toward an otherwise preferred saccharin solution. The phenomenon of anaphylactic shock-induced conditioned taste aversion was found to be robust and resistant to extinction during the 6-day test period and was established employing three modes of CS-US presentation: (a) CS po, US ip; (b) CS po, US iv; and (c) CS iv, US iv. The most effective mode of CS-US presentation for producing anaphylactic shock-induced taste aversion was observed in Experiment 1 (CS po, US ip). Thus, aversive manifestations of anaphylactic shock can serve as afferent signals by which the immune system informs the central nervous system which in turn modulates behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Marković
- Immunology Research Center, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
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