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Liu F, Kong X, Zhang S, Zhang Z. Facile and Efficient Syntheses of (11 Z,13 Z)-Hexadecadienal and Its Derivatives: Key Sex Pheromone and Attractant Components of Notodontidae. Molecules 2019; 24:E1781. [PMID: 31071976 PMCID: PMC6540594 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Syntheses of (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadienal (1), (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadienol (2), (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate (3), and (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynal (4) from commercially available starting material 10-bromo-1-decanol are reported. These (Z,Z)-dienes and conjugated en-yne moieties are common in sex pheromone and attractant components for many Notodontide insect pests. The synthetic scheme, using the C10 + C3 + C3 strategy, was mainly based on three key steps: alkylation of lithium alkyne under a low temperature, cis-Wittig olefination of the aldehyde with propylidentriphenylphosphorane, and hydroboration-protonolysis of alkyne. This synthetic route provided (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadienal (1) in a 23.0% total yield via an eight-step sequence, alcohol (2) in a 21.9% total yield, acetate (3) in a 21.4% total yield, and (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynal (4) in a 34.7% total yield. This simple strategy provides a new way to achieve syntheses of the key sex pheromones of Notodontide insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Xiangbo Kong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Sufang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China.
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Ma T, Liu Z, Wang C, Zhang S, Shi X, Sun Z, Chen X, Jia C, Wang C, He Y, Wen X. Production, identification, and field evaluation of sex pheromone from calling females in Diaphania angustalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:24485-24493. [PMID: 28900809 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insect sex pheromones play a crucial role in the mate finding and calling behavior of Lepidoptera pests. Currently, little is known about the chemical ecology of Diaphania angustalis Snellen (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), a severe and important defoliator attacking the medicinal plant, Alstonia scholaris. In the present study, the pheromone components of D. angustalis females were investigated using electrophysiological and behavioral methods. Distilled hexane extracts of female pheromone glands were analyzed through electroantennogram (EAG) and gas chromatography-electroantennogram detector (GC-EAD), and the active compounds were identified through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Production peak of female sex pheromone occurred on the third day of age at 5 h into the scotophase with the EAG test, and the hexane extracts were attractive to males in the wind tunnel test. GC-EAD analysis of virgin males to gland extracts that were subsequently evaluated showed two active compounds, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal (E10E12-16:Ald) and (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadien-1-ol (E10E12-16:OH), based on comparison of retention time and mass spectrum, with suitable synthetic compounds. Under laboratory conditions, the blend of E10E12-16:Ald and E10E12-16:OH in a ratio of 9:1 elicited a stronger EAG response than other treatments or a single component. In the field, more male moths were captured by traps baited with the mixture of E10E2-16:Ald and E10E2-16:OH in a ratio of 9:1, whereas a mixture of 8:1 and 10:1 also caught males. Accordingly, E10E2-16:Ald and E10E2-16:OH were regarded as the major sex pheromone components in D. angustalis females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhitao Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cai Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianhui Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhaohui Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | | | - Changlu Wang
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Yurong He
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiujun Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Identification of conjugated pentadecadienals as sex pheromone components of the sphingid moth, Dolbina tancrei. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:1441-7. [PMID: 24190021 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Homologs of bombykal, (10E,12Z)-10,12-hexadecadienal, have been reported to be sex pheromones or sexual attractants of several species of sphingid moths. In this study, we identified novel bombykal analogs as sex pheromone components from a Japanese sphingid moth, Dolbina tancrei. Staudinger (Sphingidae: Lepidoptera). Sex pheromone gland extracts from calling female moths were subjected to gas chromatography/electroantennograhic detection (GC/EAD), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and gas chromatography (GC) analyses. GC/EAD analyses showed two active components in the crude pheromone extracts. GC/MS analysis determined these two components to be pentadecadienals. GC/MS of their MTAD derivatives showed conjugated double bonds at the 9- and 11-positions, indicating 9,11-pentadecadienals. The isomeric configurations of these candidates were determined by comparison of their Kováts retention indices with those of synthetic compounds. Field bioassays with the four isomers of 9,11-pentadecadienal and their mixtures confirmed that the two sex pheromone components of D. tancrei are (9E,11Z)-9,11-pentadecadienal and (9Z,11Z)-9,11-pentadecadienal, with the highest male catches observed for a 90:10 blend. This is the first report of 9,11-pentadecadienals as sex pheromone components in lepidopteran species.
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Darwish A, Chong JM. Synthesis of E-vinyl iodides via Pd-catalyzed hydrostannation of terminal alkynes. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hartfield EA, Harris MK, Medina RF. Relative abundance and flight phenology of two pheromone types of Acrobasis nuxvorella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 40:889-892. [PMID: 22251690 DOI: 10.1603/en10152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two synthetic sex pheromones have been developed and are currently used to detect the flight of the pecan nut casebearer, Acrobasis nuxvorella Neunzig, the most damaging pest of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. One pheromone (referred to as standard) is attractive to moths in the southern United States, but not in Mexico. The other pheromone (referred to as Mexican) is attractive to moths in the southern United States and in Mexico. These two pheromones have been implemented by producers as an important tool in monitoring the activity of this pest and have allowed for more efficient pesticide use. In the future, these pheromones could be used as a means of population reduction through pheromone based control methods. Trapping data taken over a 3-yr period were used to determine if phenological differences exist between pheromone types of pecan nut casebearer. The relative abundance of each pheromone type at several locations in the United States also was evaluated. Results of this study indicate that no phenological differences exist between the two pheromone types studied in the United States and that significantly more males are attracted to field-deployed pheromone traps baited with the standard pheromone than to traps baited with the Mexican pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Hartfield
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Knutson AE, Muegge MA. A degree-day model initiated by pheromone trap captures for managing pecan nut casebearer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in pecans. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 103:735-743. [PMID: 20568619 DOI: 10.1603/ec09319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Field observations from pecan, Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) Koch, orchards in Texas were used to develop and validate a degree-day model of cumulative proportional adult flight and oviposition and date of first observed nut entry by larvae of the first summer generation of the pecan nut casebearer, Acrobasis nuxvorella Nuenzig (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The model was initiated on the date of first sustained capture of adults in pheromone traps. Mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures were used to determine the sum of degree-days from onset to 99% moth flight and oviposition and the date on which first summer generation larvae were first observed penetrating pecan nuts. Cumulative proportional oviposition (y) was described by a modified Gompertz equation, y = 106.05 x exp(-(exp(3.11 - 0.00669 x (x - 1), with x = cumulative degree-days at a base temperature of 3.33 degrees C. Cumulative proportional moth flight (y) was modeled as y = 102.62 x exp(- (exp(1.49 - 0.00571 x (x - 1). Model prediction error for dates of 10, 25, 50, 75, and 90% cumulative oviposition was 1.3 d and 83% of the predicted dates were within +/- 2 d of the observed event. Prediction error for date of first observed nut entry was 2.2 d and 77% of model predictions were within +/- 2 d of the observed event. The model provides ample lead time for producers to implement orchard scouting to assess pecan nut casebearer infestations and to apply an insecticide if needed to prevent economic loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen E Knutson
- Texas AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 17360 Coit Rd., Dallas, TX 75252-6502, USA.
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Stevenson DE, Harris MK. Determining circadian response of adult male Acrobasis nuxvorella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to synthetic sex attractant pheromone through time-segregated trapping with a new clockwork timing trap. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 38:1690-1696. [PMID: 20021765 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mate finding is a key lifecycle event for the pecan nut casebearer, Acrobasis nuxvorella Neunzig, as it is for virtually all Lepidoptera, many of which rely on long-range, species-specific sex pheromones, regulated largely by circadian clocks. Adult male moths were trapped at discrete time intervals during the first two seasonal flights for 6 yr to determine times of peak activity associated with male response to pheromones. From 1997 to 2002, the Harris-Coble automated clockwork timing trap was used for hourly time-segregated sampling. Analysis of variance with linear contrasts determined that circadian response of A. nuxvorella males to pecan nut casebearer pheromone began at approximately 2100 hours, the first hour of total darkness, lasting for 6-7 h. It peaked from midnight to 0400 hours and ended at the onset of morning twilight, approximately 0500 hours. The hours of peak activity are hours of minimal bat predation. The study shows that pecan nut casebearer males become responsive to pheromone several hours before females start calling and remain responsive for at least 1 h after they stop. The extended response period conforms to studies of other polygamous Lepidoptera in which a selective advantage is conferred on early responding males in scramble competition for available females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglass E Stevenson
- Department of Entomology, Texas AgriLife Extension, The Texas A&M University System, Pecan Insect Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA.
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Sex pheromone components of the pear fruit moth, Acrobasis pyrivorella (Matsumura). J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:243-9. [PMID: 19189185 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the sex pheromone of the pear fruit moth, Acrobasis pyrivorella, by means of gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry. Two EAD-active compounds were detected in the pheromone gland extract of females. They were identified as (Z)-9-pentadecenyl acetate (Z9-15:OAc) and pentadecyl acetate (15:OAc). The amounts per female gland (mean +/- standard error) of these compounds were 12.9 +/- 2.8 and 0.8 +/- 0.1 ng, respectively. Synthetic Z9-15:OAc (300 microg) attracted conspecific males in field trapping experiments. When 15:OAc (21 microg; 7% of Z9-15:OAc quantity) was added, the number of males trapped increased significantly. Catch in traps baited with the mixture of these compounds was greater than that in traps baited with 1-3-day-old virgin females. We, therefore, conclude that Z9-15:OAc and 15:OAc are sex pheromone components of this species.
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Harris MK, Fu AAA, Nunez H, Aranda-Herrera E, Moreira JA, McElfresh JS, Millar JG. A new pheromone race of Acrobasis nuxvorella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2008; 101:769-776. [PMID: 18613577 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[769:anproa]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The sex pheromone of the monophagous Acrobasis nuxvorella Neunzig (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was reported as (9E,11Z)-hexadecadienal (9E,11Z-16:Ald) (Biorg. Med. Chem. 4: 331-339, 1996), and it has since been an effective integrated pest management (IPM) tool for monitoring this pest in the United States, but not in Mexico. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to confirm that the species in Mexico was indeed A. nuxvorella and to investigate the pheromone chemistry of the Mexican populations of this species. Initial field trials testing compounds structurally related to the known pheromone component, and blends thereof, indicated that a 100 microg:100 microg blend of (9E,11Z)-hexadecadien-1-yl acetate (9E,11Z-16:Ac):9E,11Z-16:Ald in rubber septa was effective in attracting male moths in Mexico. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram analyses confirmed the presence of these compounds in extracts of pheromone glands of females, and antennae of male moths also responded to the alcohol analog (9E,11Z)-hexadecadien-1-ol (9E,11Z-16:OH). Subsequent field trials of various blends of these three compounds in Mexico showed that 1) both the acetate and aldehyde components were required for optimal attraction of male moths of the Mexican populations, and 2) addition of the alcohol suppressed attraction of males in a dose-dependent manner. Tests with the 1:1 9E,11Z-16:Ac:9E,11Z-16:Ald blend at various sites in the United States showed that this blend attracted some moths, but that moths attracted to 9E,11Z-16:Ald alone were predominant in the population. Furthermore, in preliminary studies the latter seemed not to respond to the blend. These findings indicate that there are two pheromone types of the pecan nut casebearer, and they have major implications for the direct use of these pheromones in pecan IPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin K Harris
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475, USA.
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Moreira JA, McElfresh JS, Millar JG. Identification, Synthesis, and Field Testing of the Sex Pheromone of the Citrus Leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:169-94. [PMID: 16525877 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The citrus leafminer is an important vector of citrus canker in many of the major citrus production areas of the world. (7Z,11Z)-Hexadecadienal was reported as a sex attractant for this insect in the 1980s, based on trap catches during pheromone screening trials in Japan. However, attempts to reproduce this work in other areas of the world have not been successful. We report here that (7Z,11Z)-hexadecadienal is only one component of the pheromone, with the other critical component being the analogous trienal, (7Z,11Z,13E)-hexadecatrienal. Both compounds were identified in the effluvia from live female moths by coupled gas chromatography (GC)-electroantennography using nonpolar and polar GC columns, and the identifications were confirmed by comparisons of mass spectra with those of authentic standards. Stereoisomers of the two compounds, and a number of analogs, were synthesized to confirm the identifications. In field trials, neither compound alone was attractive to male moths, but blends of the two were highly attractive, with thousands of insects being caught per trial. Addition of the isomeric (7Z,11Z,13Z)-hexadecatrienal inhibited attraction to the two-component blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardel A Moreira
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Santangelo EM, Coracini M, Witzgall P, Correa AG, Unelius CR. Identification, syntheses, and characterization of the geometric isomers of 9,11-hexadecadienal from female pheromone glands of the sugar cane borer Diatraea saccharalis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2002; 65:909-915. [PMID: 12088437 DOI: 10.1021/np010551i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical analysis of the pheromone glands of the sugar cane borer Diatraea saccharalis has shown the presence of the four geometric isomers of 9,11-hexadecadienal (1-4), in addition to hexadecanal and (Z)-hexadec-11-enal. We here report the syntheses and characterization of compounds 1-4. One starting material, 9-decen-1-ol, has been used to obtain all of them via divergent synthetic routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M Santangelo
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, The Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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Foster SP. Periodicity of sex pheromone biosynthesis, release and degradation in the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2000; 43:125-136. [PMID: 10685100 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6327(200003)43:3<125::aid-arch4>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pheromone titer in moths is a product of three processes occurring in or at the surface of the pheromone gland: biosynthesis, release, and intraglandular degradation, of pheromone. Changes in titers of sex pheromone, the fatty acyl pheromone analog (FAPA), and tetradecanoate, a pheromone biosynthetic intermediate, were studied in detail in the lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker). Although changes in the pheromone titers in a day were relatively small, with the peak titer being 2-3 times greater than that at the trough, pheromone titer did show a distinct diel periodicity. Titer of the FAPA showed a similar, but less variable, diel pattern, but tetradecanoate titer showed little or no diel pattern. The pattern of pheromone titer suggested that females biosynthesize pheromone at two different rates during the photoperiod: a high rate during the latter half of the photophase and most of the scotophase, which is associated with a high pheromone titer, and a low rate throughout the first half of the photophase, which is associated with a low titer. Consistent with data on commencement of copulation, pheromone was released from the second hour of the scotophase through to the eighth hour. Pheromone release rate during this period appeared to be similar to the rate of pheromone biosynthesis. In contrast to the other two processes, pheromone degradation did not appear to have a diel pattern. Females decapitated at different times of the photoperiod showed a similar decline in pheromone titer, consistent with the reaction kinetics being first order in pheromone titer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Foster
- The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand, Mt. Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.
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