Subsurface Microscopical visualization of brain tissue in vivo: Present, problems and prospects

Multi-contrast focal modulation microscopy for in vivo imaging of thick biological tissues

In vivo high resolution imaging of biological tissues is desirable for a wide range of biomedical applications. Recently focal modulation microscopy (FMM) has been developed and an imaging depth comparable to multi-photon microscopy (MPM) and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) has been achieved. Here we report the first focal modulation microscope that is capable of performing real-time fluorescence and scattering imaging simultaneously on thick biological tissues. A novel spatiotemporal phase modulator (STPM) has been designed and integrated into such a microscope to achieve high performances in terms of imaging speed, contrast, effective spatial resolution, signal to noise ratio, and compatibility with multiple excitation wavelengths.

Quantitative recording of vitality patterns in living multicellular spheroids by confocal microscopy

Fluorescent dyes were used in conjunction with confocal microscopy to record the vitality status of cells in multicellular glioma spheroids. Multicellular spheroids are in vitro models for micrometastases or intravascular microregions of large tumors. With progressing growth three distinct concentric annular shells develop. A rim of proliferating cells in the periphery is followed towards the center by layers of quiescent cells and at a defined spheroid diameter cell death occurs in the central core. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and Calcein/AM were used as vital stains and Lucifer Yellow/VS (LYVS) was used as a marker for dead cells. For loading multicellular spheroids with the esterase substrate dyes we used a two step cold incubation technique to avoid dye accumulation in the most peripheral cell layers. Homogenously stained tissue allowed to describe the fluorescence attenuation in depth as a monoexponential decay. An attenuation coefficient C was calculated from calibration experiments to be 12.5 x 10(-3) in vital stained tissue and 17.9 x 10(-3) in lethal stained tissue. Using the respective attenuation coefficient the raw data were corrected for light absorption and scattering in depth. In radial recordings of the vitality status of multicellular glioma spheroids using CLSM-technique we showed that spheroids up to a diameter of 250 microns were homogenously stained with Calcein/AM and FDA. Spheroids larger than 250 microns consist of vital stained cells and unstained cells. They do not show dead cell staining until they reach a diameter of about 400 microns. The thickness of the rim of vital stained cells decreased with increasing diameter of the spheroids to 64 +/- 7 microns in spheroids of a diameter of 550 +/- 25 microns. Thereafter the thickness of the Calcein/AM or FDA stained rim augmented again, reaching 93 +/- 9 microns in spheroids of 700 microns in diameter. The first signs of dead cell staining in the central core occurred at a diameter of 400 +/- 25 microns. The radius of the core increased in an exponential way. The cell layer which was stained neither by vital nor by lethal dyes showed a thickness of 150 microns in spheroids of 550 +/- 25 microns in diameter. Our staining technique and the radial recording of mean field fluorescence signals in living multicellular spheroids will be a valuable tool for experimental cancer research providing a non invasive quantification of cell vitality in living multicellular spheroids.