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Majkowska-Pilip A, Halik PK, Gniazdowska E. The Significance of NK1 Receptor Ligands and Their Application in Targeted Radionuclide Tumour Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E443. [PMID: 31480582 PMCID: PMC6781293 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, our understanding of the Substance P (SP) and neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) system shows intricate relations between human physiology and disease occurrence or progression. Within the oncological field, overexpression of NK1R and this SP/NK1R system have been implicated in cancer cell progression and poor overall prognosis. This review focuses on providing an update on the current state of knowledge around the wide spectrum of NK1R ligands and applications of radioligands as radiopharmaceuticals. In this review, data concerning both the chemical and biological aspects of peptide and nonpeptide ligands as agonists or antagonists in classical and nuclear medicine, are presented and discussed. However, the research presented here is primarily focused on NK1R nonpeptide antagonistic ligands and the potential application of SP/NK1R system in targeted radionuclide tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Majkowska-Pilip
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Krzysztof Halik
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Gniazdowska
- Centre of Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
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XIIth international symposium on radiopharmaceutical chemistry: Abstracts and programme. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580400901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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First evaluation of [11C]R116301 as an in vivo tracer of NK1 receptors in man. Mol Imaging Biol 2009; 11:241-5. [PMID: 19333655 PMCID: PMC2693769 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-009-0204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose NK1 receptors have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric and other disorders. R116301 is a selective NK1 receptor antagonist. In this pilot study, [11C]R116301 was evaluated as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) ligand for the NK1 receptor. Procedures Two dynamic PET studies were performed in three normal volunteers before and after a blocking dose of aprepitant. Data were analyzed using striatum to cerebellum standardized uptake value (SUV) ratios. Results Baseline SUV ratios at 60–90 min after injection ranged from 1.22 to 1.70. Following aprepitant administration, this specific signal was completely blocked. Aprepitant administration did not significantly affect uptake in cerebellum, confirming the absence of NK1 receptors in cerebellum. Conclusion These preliminary results indicate that [11C]R116301 has potential as a radioligand for in vivo assessment of NK1 receptors in the human brain.
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Syvänen S, Eriksson J, Genchel T, Lindhe Ö, Antoni G, Långström B. Synthesis of two potential NK1-receptor ligands using [1-11C]ethyl iodide and [1-11C]propyl iodide and initial PET-imaging. BMC Med Imaging 2007; 7:6. [PMID: 17663770 PMCID: PMC1959516 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2342-7-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The previously validated NK1-receptor ligand [O-methyl-11C]GR205171 binds with a high affinity to the NK1-receptor and displays a slow dissociation from the receptor. Hence, it cannot be used in vivo for detecting concentration changes in substance P, the endogenous ligand for the NK1-receptor. A radioligand used for monitoring these changes has to enable displacement by the endogenous ligand and thus bind reversibly to the receptor. Small changes in the structure of a receptor ligand can lead to changes in binding characteristics and also in the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. The aim of this study was to use carbon-11 labelled ethyl and propyl iodide with high specific radioactivity in the synthesis of two new and potentially reversible NK1-receptor ligands with chemical structures based on [O-methyl-11C]GR205171. Methods [1-11C]Ethyl and [1-11C]propyl iodide with specific radioactivities of 90 GBq/μmol and 270 GBq/μmol, respectively, were used in the synthesis of [O-methyl-11C]GR205171 analogues by alkylation of O-desmethyl GR205171. The brain uptake of the obtained (2S,3S)-N-(1-(2- [1-11C]ethoxy-5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)ethyl)-2-phenylpiperidin-3-amine (I) and (2S,3S)-2-phenyl-N-(1-(2- [1-11C]propoxy-5-(3-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)phenyl)ethyl)piperidin-3-amine (II) was studied with PET in guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys and compared to the uptake of [O-methyl-11C]GR205171. Results All ligands had similar uptake distribution in the guinea pig brain. The PET-studies in rhesus monkeys showed that (II) had no specific binding in striatum. Ligand (I) had moderate specific binding compared to the [O-methyl-11C]GR205171. The ethyl analogue (I) displayed reversible binding characteristics contrary to the slow dissociation rate shown by [O-methyl-11C]GR205171. Conclusion The propyl-analogue (II) cannot be used for detecting changes in NK1-ligand levels, while further studies should be performed with the ethyl-analogue (I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Syvänen
- Uppsala Imanet, GE Healthcare, Box 967, 751 09 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Eriksson
- Uppsala Imanet, GE Healthcare, Box 967, 751 09 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Box 576, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tove Genchel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Örjan Lindhe
- Uppsala Imanet, GE Healthcare, Box 967, 751 09 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Antoni
- Uppsala Imanet, GE Healthcare, Box 967, 751 09 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Långström
- Uppsala Imanet, GE Healthcare, Box 967, 751 09 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Box 576, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Bergmann R, Pietzsch J. Small animal positron emission tomography in food sciences. Amino Acids 2005; 29:355-76. [PMID: 16142524 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a 3-dimensional imaging technique that has undergone tremendous developments during the last decade. Non-invasive tracing of molecular pathways in vivo is the key capability of PET. It has become an important tool in the diagnosis of human diseases as well as in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. In contrast to other imaging modalities, radiotracer concentrations can be determined quantitatively. By application of appropriate tracer kinetic models, the rate constants of numerous different biological processes can be determined. Rapid progress in PET radiochemistry has significantly increased the number of biologically important molecules labelled with PET nuclides to target a broader range of physiologic, metabolic, and molecular pathways. Progress in PET physics and technology strongly contributed to better scanners and image processing. In this context, dedicated high resolution scanners for dynamic PET studies in small laboratory animals are now available. These developments represent the driving force for the expansion of PET methodology into new areas of life sciences including food sciences. Small animal PET has a high potential to depict physiologic processes like absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and interactions of biologically significant substances, including nutrients, 'nutriceuticals', functional food ingredients, and foodborne toxicants. Based on present data, potential applications of small animal PET in food sciences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bergmann
- Positron Emission Tomography Center, Institute of Bioinorganic and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Center Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
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Gao M, Mock BH, Hutchins GD, Zheng QH. Synthesis and initial PET imaging of new potential NK1 receptor radioligands 1-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-4-[11C]methyl-piperazine and {4-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-piperazine-1-yl}-acetic acid [11C]methyl ester. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 32:543-52. [PMID: 15982585 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The NK(1) receptor radioligands 1-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-4-[(11)C]methyl-piperazine ([(11)C]BMP, [(11)C]) and {4-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-piperazine-1-yl}-acetic acid [(11)C]methyl ester ([(11)C]BME, [(11)C]) were synthesized for evaluation as new potential PET imaging agents for brain NK(1) receptors. The new tracers [(11)C]BMP and [(11)C]BME were prepared by N-[(11)C]methylation and O-[(11)C]methylation of corresponding precursors 1-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-piperazine and {4-[2-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethyl-benzyloxy)-1-phenyl-ethyl]-piperazine-1-yl}-acetic acid using [(11)C]methyl triflate and isolated by solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification procedure with 40-55% radiochemical yields, decay corrected to end of bombardment, and a synthesis time of 15-20 min. The initial PET dynamic studies of the tracers [(11)C] and [(11)C] in rats were performed using an animal PET scanner, IndyPET-II, developed in our laboratory. The results show the tracer [(11)C]BMP had better uptake in the animal brain than the tracer [(11)C]BME and gave higher quality rat brain images. Blocking studies by intravenous coinjection of hot tracer [(11)C]BMP with cold drug BMP had no effect on [(11)C]BMP-PET rat brain imaging. Likewise, blocking studies by intravenous coinjection of hot tracer [(11)C]BME with cold drug BME also showed no effect on [(11)C]BME-PET rat brain imaging. These results suggest that the localization of [(11)C]BMP and [(11)C]BME in rat brain is mediated by nonspecific processes, and the visualization of [(11)C]BMP-PET and [(11)C]BME-PET on rat brain is related to nonspecific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhang Gao
- Department of Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, 46202-2111, USA
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Bender D, Olsen AK, Marthi MK, Smith DF, Cumming P. PET evaluation of the uptake of N-[11C]methyl CP-643,051, an NK1 receptor antagonist, in the living porcine brain. Nucl Med Biol 2005; 31:699-704. [PMID: 15246360 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 03/11/2004] [Accepted: 03/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of neurokinin receptors such as CP-643,051 are presently under investigation as potential antidepressants, but little is known about the brain uptake and distribution of these agents. We developed a method for the efficient N-[11C]methylation of CP-122,721, yielding the NK1 antagonist N-[11C]methyl CP-643,051. The brain uptake and distribution of N-[11C]methyl CP-643,051 were studied by positron emission tomography (PET) in the anaesthetized pig, first in a baseline condition, and again after displacement of specific binding with the NK1 receptor antagonist L-732,138 (0.6 mg/kg, i.v.). In order to validate this displacement procedure, we tested the effects of L-732,138 on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in one pig. We found that N-[11C]methyl CP-643,051 had a distribution volume close to 3 ml g(-1), and a binding potential (pB) of 0.3 in the pig striatum; this binding was displaceable by the L-732,138 pre-treatment, which evoked a small (10-20%) global increase in CBF. We conclude that of N-[11C]methyl CP-643,051 may serve as a lead structure for the development of PET NK-1 ligands of higher specific binding in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bender
- PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospitals, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Bergström M, Fasth KJ, Kilpatrick G, Ward P, Cable KM, Wipperman MD, Sutherland DR, Långström B. Brain uptake and receptor binding of two [11C]labelled selective high affinity NK1-antagonists, GR203040 and GR205171--PET studies in rhesus monkey. Neuropharmacology 2000; 39:664-70. [PMID: 10728887 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3908(99)00182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two high affinity and selective NK1-receptor antagonists, GR203040 and GR205171, were labelled with 11C and used in a series of experiments in rhesus monkeys. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the brain uptake pattern and to explore the potential use of these compounds as PET ligands to characterise NK1-receptor binding. Seventeen studies were carried out with [11C]GR205171 and five experiments with [11C]GR203040, including baseline studies and studies performed after a 5 min infusion of cold compound at doses between 0.05 and 1 mg/kg. Both compounds demonstrated a significant and rapid uptake in the brain, but the uptake of [11C]GR205171 was more than double the uptake of [11C]GR203040. At tracer doses of [11C]GR205171 and all doses of [11C]GR203040 the uptake reached a plateau with no washout during the examination time, whereas [11C]GR205171 after pre-treatment with cold GR205171 showed a significant washout. Using a model with the cerebellum as reference, a method for quantitation was applied to the studies with [11C]GR205171 and the results indicated that the highest specific binding was in the striatum. The pre-treatment dose of cold GR205171 needed for 50% inhibition of binding was less than 0.04 mg/kg. The studies indicated that [11C]GR205171 could be used for the in vivo characterisation of NK1-receptor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bergström
- Uppsala University PET Centre, University Hospital, Sweden.
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Livni E, Babich JW, Desai MC, Godek DM, Wilkinson RA, Rubin RH, Fischman AJ. Synthesis of a 11C-labeled NK1 receptor ligand for PET studies. Nucl Med Biol 1995; 22:31-6. [PMID: 7735167 DOI: 10.1016/0969-8051(94)00080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Changes in substance P (SP) receptor concentration have been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders, Parkinson's disease, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and asthma. Since, SP and peptide analogs are rapidly metabolized and do not penetrate into the CNS, they are not useful for PET. Recently, a non-peptide SP antagonist, (+)-(2S,3S)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine (CP-99,994) was developed. As a prelude to PET studies, this compound was radiolabeled with 11C and biodistribution was determined in hamsters. CP-99,994 was radiolabeled by methylation of tert-Boc, desmethyl CP-99,994 with 11CH3I followed by deprotection and HPLC purification. The time required for the synthesis was 40 min from the end of bombardment. Radiochemical purity of the final product was > 95% and specific activity was routinely > 1000 mCi/mumol [EOS]. The biodistribution of 11C-CP-99,994 was determined in groups of six Syrian hamsters at 5 and 30 min after injection. The results of these studies demonstrated that significant concentrations (%ID/g +/- SEM) of CP-99,994 accumulate in most tissues of the hamster. The highest levels of drug were detected in the lung: 21.04 +/- 1.26 (5 min) and 13.49 +/- 1.71 (30 min). Brain accumulation was: 1.44 +/- 0.06 (5 min), 1.32 +/- 0.05 (30 min). These results indicate that 11C-CP-99,994 can be prepared in high purity and specific activity. This new radiopharmaceutical may be useful for studying both central and peripheral SP receptors by PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Livni
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114, USA
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