Rabies reference vaccine for use as a regional standard for Latin America and the Caribbean countries

The rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test is a suitable method for batch potency testing of inactivated rabies vaccines

The European Pharmacopoeia proposes two methods for potency determination of inactivated rabies vaccines for veterinary use: The first one is a classical mouse challenge test, which is imprecise, time-consuming, and causes severe distress to the test animals. Alternatively, the potency may be determined serologically by measuring the neutralizing antibody titers induced after vaccination of mice by using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Although this method is faster and less painful for the animals, it is not widely used yet, and only little data exist concerning the comparability of both methods. We have therefore performed a comparative study, in which we demonstrated a good correlation between the challenge test results and the mean titers determined by RFFIT. Furthermore, all vaccine batches failing the challenge test were also recognized as insufficient in the serological assay. This publication further describes the influence of different vaccine administration routes on the resulting antibody titers, and it proposes various modifications to the serological assay protocol which could improve its overall practicability. Finally, we recommend that the serological assay be used for the potency testing of inactivated rabies vaccines.

Evaluacion de la tecnica de contraimmunoelectroforesis para determinar la potencia antigena de las vacunas antirrabicas

El método recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para la prueba de potencia de vacunas antirrábicas como producto final es la prueba NIH. Algunas técnicas in vitro se han propuesto para el control durante el proceso de produción y complementan el ensayo in vivo antes mencionado. Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos cuando se utilizó la técnica de contrainmunoelectroforésis (CIE) para determinar el contenido de antígenos en muestras de 84 y 40 lotes de vacunas antirrábicas producidas en tejido nervioso de cerebro de ratón lactante mediante cultivo de tejidos, respectivamente. La evaluación de las muestras en, y en torno de, las 0.3 UI por ambos métodos muestran que, en la práctica, un título CIE de 1:4 cumpliría con un mínimo de potencia de la prueba NIH. Un bajo grado de variabilidad de la prueba CIE fue observada en nuestro laboratorio cuando dos lotes de vacunas de referencia de trabajo y 7 lotes de vacunas antirrábicas, de diferente origen y actividad, fueron ensayadas en cinco pruebas independientes. Todos los títulos se ubicaron dentro de una dilución doble, lo que es indicativo de su reproducibilidad. Se observó buena sensibilidad para detectar el deterioro del antígeno en el ensayo de degradación térmica, cuando muestras de 3 lotes de vacuna líquida de cerebro de ratón lactante fueron mantenidas a4 y 37ºC cada una, por 28 días. Se evaluaron semanalmente por los ensayos de CIE y NIH. Finalmente, se observó que el ensayo de CIE podría ser utilizado por los productores para estimar el punto final de los procesos de concentración para que se corresponda con un valor antigénico deseado en la prueba de potencia NIH.

In vitro potency assays for nonreplicating veterinary vaccines: comparison to in vivo assays and considerations in assay development

Each finished batch or serial of veterinary vaccine must be potency tested to assure the quality of marketed product. The potency assay must be correlated to efficacy in the target species. Potency assays of nonreplicating vaccines have traditionally measured the immune response to the vaccine in host or laboratory animals by serology or protection from challenge. Such tests are expensive, time-consuming, and raise animal welfare concerns. As disease agent protective antigens are described, in vitro techniques for quantitating them can be applied to vaccine potency measurement. However, in many cases the immunological adjuvants critical to the efficacy of the biological interfere with in vitro antigen quantitation techniques. The development of techniques that remove or compensate for the effect of adjuvants on the assays, sham vaccines containing no antigen, reference preparations containing a proven protective immunogen dose, characterization of the immunological reactants, and appropriate design and data analysis have contributed to the development of rapid, reproducible, humane, and relatively inexpensive in vitro potency assays to be used in the evaluation of veterinary biologicals.