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Furukawa S, Nagamatsu A, Nenoi M, Fujimori A, Kakinuma S, Katsube T, Wang B, Tsuruoka C, Shirai T, Nakamura AJ, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A, Harada H, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi J, Kunieda T, Funayama T, Suzuki M, Miyamoto T, Hidema J, Yoshida Y, Takahashi A. Space Radiation Biology for "Living in Space". BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4703286. [PMID: 32337251 PMCID: PMC7168699 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4703286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Space travel has advanced significantly over the last six decades with astronauts spending up to 6 months at the International Space Station. Nonetheless, the living environment while in outer space is extremely challenging to astronauts. In particular, exposure to space radiation represents a serious potential long-term threat to the health of astronauts because the amount of radiation exposure accumulates during their time in space. Therefore, health risks associated with exposure to space radiation are an important topic in space travel, and characterizing space radiation in detail is essential for improving the safety of space missions. In the first part of this review, we provide an overview of the space radiation environment and briefly present current and future endeavors that monitor different space radiation environments. We then present research evaluating adverse biological effects caused by exposure to various space radiation environments and how these can be reduced. We especially consider the deleterious effects on cellular DNA and how cells activate DNA repair mechanisms. The latest technologies being developed, e.g., a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator, to measure real-time cell cycle progression and DNA damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation are presented. Progress in examining the combined effects of microgravity and radiation to animals and plants are summarized, and our current understanding of the relationship between psychological stress and radiation is presented. Finally, we provide details about protective agents and the study of organisms that are highly resistant to radiation and how their biological mechanisms may aid developing novel technologies that alleviate biological damage caused by radiation. Future research that furthers our understanding of the effects of space radiation on human health will facilitate risk-mitigating strategies to enable long-term space and planetary exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Furukawa
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Aiko Nagamatsu
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nenoi
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimori
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takanori Katsube
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Chizuru Tsuruoka
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Shirai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Asako J. Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1, Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Asako Sakaue-Sawano
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Lab for Cell Function and Dynamics, CBS, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takekazu Kunieda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoo Funayama
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Michiyo Suzuki
- Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, QST, 1233 Watanuki-machi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Jun Hidema
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Division for the Establishment of Frontier Sciences of the Organization for Advanced Studies, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Baccou C, Yahia V, Depierreux S, Neuville C, Goyon C, Consoli F, De Angelis R, Ducret JE, Boutoux G, Rafelski J, Labaune C. CR-39 track detector calibration for H, He, and C ions from 0.1-0.5 MeV up to 5 MeV for laser-induced nuclear fusion product identification. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:083307. [PMID: 26329181 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Laser-accelerated ion beams can be used in many applications and, especially, to initiate nuclear reactions out of thermal equilibrium. We have experimentally studied aneutronic fusion reactions induced by protons accelerated by the Target Normal Sheath Acceleration mechanism, colliding with a boron target. Such experiments require a rigorous method to identify the reaction products (alpha particles) collected in detectors among a few other ion species such as protons or carbon ions, for example. CR-39 track detectors are widely used because they are mostly sensitive to ions and their efficiency is near 100%. We present a complete calibration of CR-39 track detector for protons, alpha particles, and carbon ions. We give measurements of their track diameters for energy ranging from hundreds of keV to a few MeV and for etching times between 1 and 8 h. We used these results to identify alpha particles in our experiments on proton-boron fusion reactions initiated by laser-accelerated protons. We show that their number clearly increases when the boron fuel is preformed in a plasma state.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baccou
- LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - V Yahia
- LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | - C Goyon
- LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - F Consoli
- ENEA for EUROfusion, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Rome), Italy
| | - R De Angelis
- ENEA for EUROfusion, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Rome), Italy
| | - J E Ducret
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - G Boutoux
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications), UMR 5107, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - J Rafelski
- Department of Physics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0081, USA
| | - C Labaune
- LULI, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, UPMC, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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Akselrod M, Fomenko V, Bartz J, Ding F. FNTD radiation dosimetry system enhanced with dual-color wide-field imaging. RADIAT MEAS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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4
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Area radiation monitoring on ISS Increments 17 to 22 using PADLES in the Japanese Experiment Module Kibo. RADIAT MEAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fujibuchi T, Tanabe Y, Sakae T, Terunuma T, Isobe T, Kawamura H, Yasuoka K, Matsumoto T, Harano H, Nishiyama J, Masuda A, Nohtomi A. Feasibility study on using imaging plates to estimate thermal neutron fluence in neutron-gamma mixed fields. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2011; 147:394-400. [PMID: 21196463 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In current radiotherapy, neutrons are produced in a photonuclear reaction when incident photon energy is higher than the threshold. In the present study, a method of discriminating the neutron component was investigated using an imaging plate (IP) in the neutron-gamma-ray mixed field. Two types of IP were used: a conventional IP for beta- and gamma rays, and an IP doped with Gd for detecting neutrons. IPs were irradiated in the mixed field, and the photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL) intensity of the thermal neutron component was discriminated using an expression proposed herein. The PSL intensity of the thermal neutron component was proportional to thermal neutron fluence. When additional irradiation of photons was added to constant neutron irradiation, the PSL intensity of the thermal neutron component was not affected. The uncertainty of PSL intensities was approximately 11.4 %. This method provides a simple and effective means of discriminating the neutron component in a mixed field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshioh Fujibuchi
- Graduated School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Benton E, Johnson C, DeWitt J, Yasuda N, Benton E, Moyers M, Frank A. Observations of short-range, high-LET recoil tracks in CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector by visible light microscopy. RADIAT MEAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Moyers MF, Benton ER, Ghebremedhin A, Coutrakon G. Leakage and scatter radiation from a double scattering based proton beamline. Med Phys 2008; 35:128-44. [PMID: 18293570 DOI: 10.1118/1.2805086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton beams offer several advantages over conventional radiation techniques for treating cancer and other diseases. These advantages might be negated if the leakage and scatter radiation from the beamline and patient are too large. Although the leakage and scatter radiation for the double scattering proton beamlines at the Loma Linda University Proton Treatment Facility were measured during the acceptance testing that occurred in the early 1990s, recent discussions in the radiotherapy community have prompted a reinvestigation of this contribution to the dose equivalent a patient receives. The dose and dose equivalent delivered to a large phantom patient outside a primary proton field were determined using five methods: simulations using Monte Carlo calculations, measurements with silver halide film, measurements with ionization chambers, measurements with rem meters, and measurements with CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors. The Monte Carlo dose distribution was calculated in a coronal plane through the simulated patient that coincided with the central axis of the beam. Measurements with the ionization chambers, rem meters, and plastic nuclear track detectors were made at multiple locations within the same coronal plane. Measurements with the film were done in a plane perpendicular to the central axis of the beam and coincident with the surface of the phantom patient. In general, agreement between the five methods was good, but there were some differences. Measurements and simulations also tended to be in agreement with the original acceptance testing measurements and results from similar facilities published in the literature. Simulations illustrated that most of the neutrons entering the patient are produced in the final patient-specific aperture and precollimator just upstream of the aperture, not in the scattering system. These new results confirm that the dose equivalents received by patients outside the primary proton field from primary particles that leak through the nozzle are below the accepted standards for x-ray and electron beams. The total dose equivalent outside of the field is similar to that received by patients undergoing treatments with intensity modulated x-ray therapy. At the center of a patient for a whole course of treatment, the dose equivalent is comparable to that delivered by a single whole-body XCT scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Moyers
- Proton Therapy, Inc., Colton, California 92324, USA.
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9
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Doke T, Hayashi T, Kikuchi J, Nagaoka S, Nakano T, Takahashi S, Tawara H, Terasawa K. Dose equivalents inside the MIR Space Station measured by the combination of CR-39 plates and TLDs and their comparison with those on Space Shuttle STS-79, -84 and -91 missions. RADIAT MEAS 2002; 35:505-10. [PMID: 12442747 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(02)00082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, four dosimeter packages, each of which contains two CR-39 plates and 18 TLDs (Mg2SiO4:Tb), were placed inside the MIR Space Station and flew on an orbit with an inclination angle of 51.6 degrees and an altitude of approximately 400 km for 40 days. We estimated the absorbed doses, dose equivalents and effective quality factors during the flight by combining CR-39 data and TLD data. We then compared these results to those obtained with the same analysis method from the dosimeter packages on board Space Shuttle missions STS-79, -84 and -91 that flew along the same orbit. Finally, the differences between our results and those obtained by another group using passive dosimeters on the MIR are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayoshi Doke
- Tsukuba Space Center, National Space Development Agency of Japan, Ibaraki, Japan.
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10
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Tawara H, Doke T, Hayashi T, Kikuchi J, Kyan A, Nagaoka S, Nakano T, Takahashi S, Terasawa K, Yoshihira E. LET distributions from CR-39 plates on Space Shuttle missions STS-84 and STS-91 and a comparison of the results of the CR-39 plates with those of RRMD-II and RRMD-III telescopes. RADIAT MEAS 2002; 35:119-26. [PMID: 11841106 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(01)00282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The LET distributions during the Space Shuttle missions STS-84 (altitude 270-412 km, average 375 km; inclination angle, 51.6 degrees) and STS-91 (altitude 328-397 km, average 373 km; inclination angle, 51.6 degrees) were measured using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors. A correction for the dip-angle dependence of the track-formation sensitivity of the CR-39 plates was applied to the data analysis. The absorbed doses and the dose equivalents around RRMD Detector Units, estimated from the LET distributions in the LET region of 4-200 keV/micrometers, fluctuated with standard deviations of +/- 21% to +/- 35% in both flight experiments. The LET distributions obtained from the CR-39 plates agreed well with that obtained from RRMD-II in STS-91. However, the particle fluxes obtained from RRMD-III in STS-84 and STS-91 were two or three times higher than those obtained from RRMD-II and the CR-39 plates. It was concluded that the LET distributions obtained from RRMD-II and the CR-39 plates in the present flight experiments did not include the contribution of target-fragmented secondary heavy particles produced by low-LET particles, such as relativistic or semi-relativistic protons and helium ions, whereas RRMD-III was able to detect these secondary particles because of its low triggering level.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tawara
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Radiation Science Center, Oho 1-1, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
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11
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Fujii M, Saad A, Hatano Y, Osawa A, Saito T, Yamamoto K, Hasebe T, Nakamura T, Sasaki H, Yanagita T, Aglietta M, Vernetto S, Castellina A, Fulgione W, Saavedra O, Trinchero G. Determination of Z/β for strange quark matter candidates with CR-39 track detector. RADIAT MEAS 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(01)00162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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13
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Ogura K, Hattori T, Asano M, Yoshida M, Omichi H, Nagaoka N, Kubota H, Katakai R, Hasegawa H. Proton response of high sensitivity CR-39 copolymer. RADIAT MEAS 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(97)00067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Hayashi T, Doke T, Kikuchi J, Takeuchi R, Hasebe N, Ogura K, Nagaoka S, Kato M, Badhwar GD. Measurement of LET distribution and dose equivalent on board the space shuttle STS-65. RADIAT MEAS 1996; 26:935-45. [PMID: 11540526 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4487(96)00095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Space radiation dosimetry measurements have been made on board the Space Shuttle STS-65 in the Second International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-2). In these measurements, three kinds of detectors were used; one is a newly developed active detector telescope called "Real-time Radiation Monitoring Device (RRMD)" utilizing silicon semi-conductor detectors and others are conventional detectors of thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) and CR-39 plastic track detectors. Using the RRMD detector, the first attempt of real-time monitoring of space radiation has been achieved successfully for a continuous period of 251.3 h, giving the temporal variations of LET distribution, particle count rates, and rates of absorbed dose and dose equivalent. The RRMD results indicate that a clear enhancement of the number of trapped particles is seen at the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) without clear enhancement of dose equivalent, while some daily periodic enhancements of dose equivalent due to high LET particles are seen at the lower geomagnetic cutoff regions for galactic cosmic ray particles (GCRs). Therefore, the main contribution to dose equivalent is seen to be due to GCRs in this low altitude mission (300 km). Also, the dose equivalent rates obtained by TLDs and CR-39 ranged from 146.9 to 165.2 microSv/day and the average quality factors from 1.45 to 1.57 depending on the locations and directions of detectors inside the Space-lab at this highly protected orbit for space radiation with a small inclination (28.5 degrees) and a low altitude (300 km). The LET distributions obtained by two different detectors, RRMD and CR-39, are in good agreement in the region of 15-200 keV/mm and difference of these distributions in the regions of LET < 15 keV/mm and LET > 200 keV/mm can be explained by considering characteristics of CR-39 etched track formation especially for the low LET tracks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hayashi
- Advanced Research Center for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Dörschel B, Hartmann H, Kadner K. Variations of the track etch rates along the alpha particle trajectories in two types of CR-39. RADIAT MEAS 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/1350-4487(95)00270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Doke T, Hayashi T, Nagaoka S, Ogura K, Takeuchi R. Estimation of dose equivalent in STS-47 by a combination of TLDS and CR-39. RADIAT MEAS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/1350-4487(94)00084-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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18
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Shinn JL, Wilson JW, Badavi FF, Benton EV, Csige I, Frank AL, Benton ER. HZE beam transport in multilayered materials. RADIAT MEAS 1994; 23:57-64. [PMID: 11538017 DOI: 10.1016/1350-4487(94)90024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A nonperturbative analytic solution of the high charge and energy (HZE) Green's function is used to implement a computer code for laboratory ion beam transport in multiple-layered materials. The code is established to operate on the Langley nuclear fragmentation model used in space engineering applications. Computational procedures are established to generate linear energy transfer (LET) distributions for a specified ion beam and target for comparison with experimental measurement. Comparison with 56Fe ion with Pb-Al and Pb-(CH2)x targets shows reasonable agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Shinn
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681
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20
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Oda K, Csige I, Henke RP, Benton EV. A new method for internal calibration of nuclear track detectors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION. PART D, NUCLEAR TRACKS AND RADIATION MEASUREMENTS 1992; 20:505-10. [PMID: 11537536 DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(92)90037-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new technique is proposed for an internal calibration of a two-layer detector assembly. Spatially coincident pairs of conical tracks on one surface and overetched tracks on the adjacent surface are selected for measurement. Both the etch rate ratio and the particle range can be obtained from the minor and major diameters of the elliptical track and the radii of the circular tracks for two etching steps. This technique was applied to CR-39 detectors exposed to fast neutrons and those flown on a high altitude balloon in order to evaluate the proton response. An improvement by using multi-step etching was also carried out. It was found that not only a single set of the etch rate ratio and the range but also the response curve could be estimated in an extended region by analyzing combined growth curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Oda
- Physics Research Laboratory, University of San Francisco, CA 94117
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22
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Fujii M, Yokota R, Atarashi Y, Hasegawa H. Etching characteristics of the new polymeric track detector SR-86. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(91)90167-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Ogura K, Orito S, Nakamura S, Doke T, Ichinose H, Kuwahara K. Search for GUTs monopoles with track-etch detectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(89)90041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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26
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Hoffmann A, Brechtmann C, Heinrich W, Benton EV. Search for projectile fragments with fractional charge in relativistic heavy ion collisions. PHYSICS LETTERS. [PART B] 1988; 200:583-586. [PMID: 11539750 DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(88)90176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We measured the charge of about 35000 projectile fragments with Z > or = 5e produced by 14.5 GeV/nucleon and 200 GeV/nucleon 16O beams in a Pb target using CR39 plastic nuclear track detectors. A minimum track length of 3 mm in the detector without nuclear interaction was required. No evidence for fragments carrying a fractional charge was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoffmann
- Physics Department, University of Siegen, Fed. Rep. Germany
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