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Opadokun T, Rohrbach P. Extracellular vesicles in malaria: an agglomeration of two decades of research. Malar J 2021; 20:442. [PMID: 34801056 PMCID: PMC8605462 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a complex parasitic disease, caused by Plasmodium spp. More than a century after the discovery of malaria parasites, this disease continues to pose a global public health problem and the pathogenesis of the severe forms of malaria remains incompletely understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, have been increasingly researched in the field of malaria in a bid to fill these knowledge gaps. EVs released from Plasmodium-infected red blood cells and other host cells during malaria infection are now believed to play key roles in disease pathogenesis and are suggested as vital components of the biology of Plasmodium spp. Malaria-derived EVs have been identified as potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic tools. In this review, key findings of malaria EV studies over the last 20 years are summarized and critically analysed. Outstanding areas of research into EV biology are identified. Unexplored EV research foci for the future that will contribute to consolidating the potential for EVs as agents in malaria prevention and control are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Opadokun
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Petra Rohrbach
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Ponomareva AA, Nevzorova TA, Mordakhanova ER, Andrianova IA, Rauova L, Litvinov RI, Weisel JW. Intracellular origin and ultrastructure of platelet-derived microparticles. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1655-1667. [PMID: 28561434 PMCID: PMC5657319 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Platelet microparticles play a major role in pathologies, including hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelet microparticles have been analyzed and classified based on their ultrastructure. The structure and intracellular origin of microparticles depend on the cell-activating stimulus. Thrombin-treated platelets fall apart and form microparticles that contain cellular organelles. SUMMARY Background Platelet-derived microparticles comprise the major population of circulating blood microparticles that play an important role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Despite numerous studies on the (patho)physiological roles of platelet-derived microparticles, mechanisms of their formation and structural details remain largely unknown. Objectives Here we studied the formation, ultrastructure and composition of platelet-derived microparticles from isolated human platelets, either quiescent or stimulated with one of the following activators: arachidonic acid, ADP, collagen, thrombin or calcium ionophore A23187. Methods Using flow cytometry, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we analyzed the intracellular origin, structural diversity and size distributions of the subcellular particles released from platelets. Results The structure, dimensions and intracellular origin of microparticles depend on the cell-activating stimulus. The main structural groups include a vesicle surrounded by one thin membrane or multivesicular structures. Thrombin, unlike other stimuli, induced formation of microparticles not only from the platelet plasma membrane and cytoplasm but also from intracellular structures. A fraction of these vesicular particles having an intracellular origin contained organelles, such as mitochondria, glycogen granules and vacuoles. The size of platelet-derived microparticles depended on the nature of the cell-activating stimulus. Conclusion The results obtained provide a structural basis for the qualitative differences of various platelet activators, for specific physiological and pathological effects of microparticles, and for development of advanced assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ponomareva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia Federation
| | - T A Nevzorova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - E R Mordakhanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - I A Andrianova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - L Rauova
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R I Litvinov
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J W Weisel
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Gerrits AJ, Frelinger AL, Michelson AD. Whole Blood Analysis of Leukocyte-Platelet Aggregates. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CYTOMETRY 2016; 78:6.15.1-6.15.10. [PMID: 27723089 DOI: 10.1002/cpcy.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In inflammatory and thrombotic syndromes, platelets aggregate with circulating leukocytes, especially monocytes and neutrophils. This leukocyte-platelet aggregate formation is initiated primarily through platelet surface expression of P-selectin (CD62P), following activation-dependent degranulation of α-granules, binding to its constitutively expressed counter-receptor, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1), on leukocytes. Monocyte-platelet aggregates are a more sensitive marker of platelet activation than platelet surface P-selectin. Detection of leukocyte-platelet aggregates is relatively simple by whole-blood flow cytometry. Light scatter and at least one leukocyte-specific antibody are used to gate the desired population, and the presence of associated platelets is detected by immunostaining for abundant platelet-specific markers. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja J Gerrits
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew L Frelinger
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan D Michelson
- Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Middleton EA, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Platelets in Pulmonary Immune Responses and Inflammatory Lung Diseases. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1211-59. [PMID: 27489307 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are essential for physiological hemostasis and are central in pathological thrombosis. These are their traditional and best known activities in health and disease. In addition, however, platelets have specializations that broaden their functional repertoire considerably. These functional capabilities, some of which are recently discovered, include the ability to sense and respond to infectious and immune signals and to act as inflammatory effector cells. Human platelets and platelets from mice and other experimental animals can link the innate and adaptive limbs of the immune system and act across the immune continuum, often also linking immune and hemostatic functions. Traditional and newly recognized facets of the biology of platelets are relevant to defensive, physiological immune responses of the lungs and to inflammatory lung diseases. The emerging view of platelets as blood cells that are much more diverse and versatile than previously thought further predicts that additional features of the biology of platelets and of megakaryocytes, the precursors of platelets, will be discovered and that some of these will also influence pulmonary immune defenses and inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Middleton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Andrew S Weyrich
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Frelinger AL, Torres AS, Caiafa A, Morton CA, Berny-Lang MA, Gerrits AJ, Carmichael SL, Neculaes VB, Michelson AD. Platelet-rich plasma stimulated by pulse electric fields: Platelet activation, procoagulant markers, growth factor release and cell proliferation. Platelets 2015; 27:128-35. [PMID: 26030682 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2015.1048214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic use of activated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been explored for wound healing, hemostasis and antimicrobial wound applications. Pulse electric field (PEF) stimulation may provide more consistent platelet activation and avoid complications associated with the addition of bovine thrombin, the current state of the art ex vivo activator of therapeutic PRP. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of PEF, bovine thrombin and thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP) to activate human PRP, release growth factors and induce cell proliferation in vitro. Human PRP was prepared in the Harvest SmartPreP2 System and treated with vehicle, PEF, bovine thrombin, TRAP or Triton X-100. Platelet activation and procoagulant markers and microparticle generation were measured by flow cytometry. Released growth factors were measured by ELISA. The releasates were tested for their ability to stimulate proliferation of human epithelial cells in culture. PEF produced more platelet-derived microparticles, P-selectin-positive particles and procoagulant annexin V-positive particles than bovine thrombin or TRAP. These differences were associated with higher levels of released epidermal growth factor after PEF than after bovine thrombin or TRAP but similar levels of platelet-derived, vascular-endothelial, and basic fibroblast growth factors, and platelet factor 4. Supernatant from PEF-treated platelets significantly increased cell proliferation compared to plasma. In conclusion, PEF treatment of fresh PRP results in generation of microparticles, exposure of prothrombotic platelet surfaces, differential release of growth factors compared to bovine thrombin and TRAP and significant cell proliferation. These results, together with PEF's inherent advantages, suggest that PEF may be a superior alternative to bovine thrombin activation of PRP for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Frelinger
- a Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA and
| | - A S Torres
- b GE Global Research Center , Niskayuna , NY , USA
| | - A Caiafa
- b GE Global Research Center , Niskayuna , NY , USA
| | - C A Morton
- b GE Global Research Center , Niskayuna , NY , USA
| | - M A Berny-Lang
- a Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA and
| | - A J Gerrits
- a Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA and
| | - S L Carmichael
- a Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA and
| | - V B Neculaes
- b GE Global Research Center , Niskayuna , NY , USA
| | - A D Michelson
- a Center for Platelet Research Studies, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA and
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