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Marino S. Subgroup-specific roles of primary cilia in medulloblastoma. Genes Dev 2022; 36:650-651. [PMID: 35835507 PMCID: PMC9296002 DOI: 10.1101/gad.349856.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here I discuss the study in this issue of Genes & Development by Youn et al. (pp. 737-751), which describes defined and diverse roles of primary cilia in molecularly distinct medulloblastoma subgroups, highlighting once again the importance of designing subgroup-specific therapeutic approaches for this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
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Goranci-Buzhala G, Mariappan A, Ricci-Vitiani L, Josipovic N, Pacioni S, Gottardo M, Ptok J, Schaal H, Callaini G, Rajalingam K, Dynlacht B, Hadian K, Papantonis A, Pallini R, Gopalakrishnan J. Cilium induction triggers differentiation of glioma stem cells. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109656. [PMID: 34496239 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) possesses glioma stem cells (GSCs) that promote self-renewal, tumor propagation, and relapse. Understanding the mechanisms of GSCs self-renewal can offer targeted therapeutic interventions. However, insufficient knowledge of GSCs' fundamental biology is a significant bottleneck hindering these efforts. Here, we show that patient-derived GSCs recruit elevated levels of proteins that ensure the temporal cilium disassembly, leading to suppressed ciliogenesis. Depleting the cilia disassembly complex components is sufficient to induce ciliogenesis in a subset of GSCs via relocating platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFR-α) to a newly induced cilium. Importantly, restoring ciliogenesis enabled GSCs to switch from self-renewal to differentiation. Finally, using an organoid-based glioma invasion assay and brain xenografts in mice, we establish that ciliogenesis-induced differentiation can prevent the infiltration of GSCs into the brain. Our findings illustrate a role for cilium as a molecular switch in determining GSCs' fate and suggest cilium induction as an attractive strategy to intervene in GSCs proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladiola Goranci-Buzhala
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aruljothi Mariappan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Natasa Josipovic
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Simone Pacioni
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Marco Gottardo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Ptok
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Giuliano Callaini
- Department of Life Sciences University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Krishnaraj Rajalingam
- Cell Biology Unit, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Brian Dynlacht
- Department of Pathology and NYU Cancer Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kamyar Hadian
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Argyris Papantonis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Göttingen, Georg-August University Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Roberto Pallini
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Jay Gopalakrishnan
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Cilia Distal Domain: Diversity in Evolutionarily Conserved Structures. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020160. [PMID: 30769894 PMCID: PMC6406257 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface to fulfill sensory and motility functions. Their basic structure consists of an axoneme templated by a centriole/basal body. Striking differences in ciliary ultra-structures can be found at the ciliary base, the axoneme and the tip, not only throughout the eukaryotic tree of life, but within a single organism. Defects in cilia biogenesis and function are at the origin of human ciliopathies. This structural/functional diversity and its relationship with the etiology of these diseases is poorly understood. Some of the important events in cilia function occur at their distal domain, including cilia assembly/disassembly, IFT (intraflagellar transport) complexes' remodeling, and signal detection/transduction. How axonemal microtubules end at this domain varies with distinct cilia types, originating different tip architectures. Additionally, they show a high degree of dynamic behavior and are able to respond to different stimuli. The existence of microtubule-capping structures (caps) in certain types of cilia contributes to this diversity. It has been proposed that caps play a role in axoneme length control and stabilization, but their roles are still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on cilia structure diversity with a focus on the cilia distal domain and caps and discuss how they affect cilia structure and function.
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Harris JA, Liu Y, Yang P, Kner P, Lechtreck KF. Single-particle imaging reveals intraflagellar transport-independent transport and accumulation of EB1 in Chlamydomonas flagella. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 27:295-307. [PMID: 26631555 PMCID: PMC4713132 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-08-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) plus-end tracking protein EB1 is present at the tips of cilia and flagella; end-binding protein 1 (EB1) remains at the tip during flagellar shortening and in the absence of intraflagellar transport (IFT), the predominant protein transport system in flagella. To investigate how EB1 accumulates at the flagellar tip, we used in vivo imaging of fluorescent protein-tagged EB1 (EB1-FP) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. After photobleaching, the EB1 signal at the flagellar tip recovered within minutes, indicating an exchange with unbleached EB1 entering the flagella from the cell body. EB1 moved independent of IFT trains, and EB1-FP recovery did not require the IFT pathway. Single-particle imaging showed that EB1-FP is highly mobile along the flagellar shaft and displays a markedly reduced mobility near the flagellar tip. Individual EB1-FP particles dwelled for several seconds near the flagellar tip, suggesting the presence of stable EB1 binding sites. In simulations, the two distinct phases of EB1 mobility are sufficient to explain its accumulation at the tip. We propose that proteins uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm like EB1 accumulate locally by diffusion and capture; IFT, in contrast, might be required to transport proteins against cellular concentration gradients into or out of cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aaron Harris
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Pinfen Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Peter Kner
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Karl F Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Satish Tammana TV, Tammana D, Diener DR, Rosenbaum J. Centrosomal protein CEP104 (Chlamydomonas FAP256) moves to the ciliary tip during ciliary assembly. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5018-29. [PMID: 23970417 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.133439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ciliary tip has been implicated in ciliary assembly and disassembly, and signaling, yet information on its protein composition is limited. Using comparative, quantitative proteomics based on the fact that tip proteins will be approximately twice as concentrated in half-length compared with full-length flagella, we have identified FAP256 as a tip protein in Chlamydomonas. FAP256 localizes to the tips of both central pair and outer doublet microtubules (MTs) and it remains at the tip during flagellar assembly and disassembly. Similarly, its vertebrate counterpart, CEP104, localizes on the distal ends of both centrioles of nondividing cells until the mother centriole forms a cilium and then localizes at the tip of the elongating cilium. A null mutant of FAP256 in Chlamydomonas and RNAi in vertebrate cells showed that FAP256/CEP104 is required for ciliogenesis in a high percentage of cells. In those cells that could form cilia, there were structural deformities at the ciliary tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinadh V Satish Tammana
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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