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Kral A, Dorman MF, Wilson BS. Neuronal Development of Hearing and Language: Cochlear Implants and Critical Periods. Annu Rev Neurosci 2019; 42:47-65. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The modern cochlear implant (CI) is the most successful neural prosthesis developed to date. CIs provide hearing to the profoundly hearing impaired and allow the acquisition of spoken language in children born deaf. Results from studies enabled by the CI have provided new insights into ( a) minimal representations at the periphery for speech reception, ( b) brain mechanisms for decoding speech presented in quiet and in acoustically adverse conditions, ( c) the developmental neuroscience of language and hearing, and ( d) the mechanisms and time courses of intramodal and cross-modal plasticity. Additionally, the results have underscored the interconnectedness of brain functions and the importance of top-down processes in perception and learning. The findings are described in this review with emphasis on the developing brain and the acquisition of hearing and spoken language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Kral
- Institute of AudioNeuroTechnology and Department of Experimental Otology, ENT Clinics, Hannover Medical University, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080, USA
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Michael F. Dorman
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - Blake S. Wilson
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75080, USA
- School of Medicine and Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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