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Thonghlueng J, Ngernpimai S, Chuaephon A, Phanchai W, Wiwasuku T, Wanna Y, Wiratchawa K, Intharah T, Thanan R, Sakonsinsiri C, Puangmali T. Dual-Responsive Carbon Quantum Dots for the Simultaneous Detection of Cytosine and 5-Methylcytosine Interpreted by a Machine Learning-Assisted Smartphone. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:40141-40152. [PMID: 37585565 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic alteration that results in 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) through the addition of a methyl group to the fifth carbon of a cytosine (C) residue. The methylation level, the ratio of 5-mC to C, in urine might be related to the whole-body epigenetic status and the occurrence of common cancers. To date, never before have any nanomaterials been developed to simultaneously determine C and 5-mC in urine samples. Herein, a dual-responsive fluorescent sensor for the urinary detection of C and 5-mC has been developed. This assay relied on changes in the optical properties of nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (CQDs) prepared by microwave-assisted pyrolysis. In the presence of C, the blue-shifted fluorescence intensity of the CQDs increased. However, fluorescence quenching was observed upon the addition of 5-mC. This was primarily due to photoinduced electron transfer as confirmed by the density functional theory calculation. In urine samples, our sensitive fluorescent sensor had detection limits for C and 5-mC of 43.4 and 74.4 μM, respectively, and achieved satisfactory recoveries ranging from 103.5 to 115.8%. The simultaneous detection of C and 5-mC leads to effective methylation level detection, achieving recoveries in the range of 104.6-109.5%. Besides, a machine learning-enabled smartphone was also developed, which can be effectively applied to the determination of methylation levels (0-100%). These results demonstrate a simple but very effective approach for detecting the methylation level in urine, which could have significant implications for predicting the clinical prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janpen Thonghlueng
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sawinee Ngernpimai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Adulvit Chuaephon
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Phanchai
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Theanchai Wiwasuku
- Functional Materials and Nanotechnology Center of Excellence, School of Science, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Yupaporn Wanna
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kannika Wiratchawa
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thanapong Intharah
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Raynoo Thanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chadamas Sakonsinsiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Theerapong Puangmali
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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